Bridgehead effect in the worldwide invasion of the biocontrol harlequin ladybird. Water Supply 50 (3), 113–124. Evolutionary genetics of invasive species. Since the cause of a lower genetic diversity among invasive Spartina species is of great interest, we discuss below the reason why S. alterniflora populations had lower genetic diversity when invading Japan. Natl. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press). Austral Ecol. (2015). 8 (4), 436–450. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Smooth cordgrass is a perennial grass with hollow stems that grow from 2 to 4 ft (0.6 to 1.2 m) tall. Genetic and historical evidence disagree on likely sources of the Atlantic amethyst gem clam Gemma gemma (Totten 1834) in California. (2012). doi: 10.1073/pnas.032477999, Schaal, B. The STRUCTURE analysis indicated that the studied populations were divided into distinct genetic clusters. However, the FIS values of samples from the Umeda River (FIS = 0.01) did not deviate from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Table 1). S. alterniflora, along with other Spartina was initially seen by many coastal engineers as a species that could be used to create natural erosion control barriers.S. (2005). comm., 2005) . Location, habitat, weather, and a variety of other conditions are factors that help determine the best treatment choice. (2004). 22 (22), 4673–4680. (2019). PCR products were purified using NucleoSpin Extract II (Macherey–Nagel, Düren, Germany) and then were used as a template for the cycle sequencing reaction. doi: 10.1890/04-1752, Lin, H.-J., Hsu, C.-B., Liao, S.-H., Chen, C.-P., Hsieh, H. L. (2015). For this purpose, it is essential to continue monitoring areas where S. alterniflora has already invaded. What are invasive species, and why should we be concerned about them? (2006). (1991). Therefore, these results reveal that the founder effect might have occurred in Japanese S. alterniflora population. The sequences of trnT–trnF region from chloroplast DNA were identified from all S. alterniflora individuals sampled in both prefectures and regions: the Umeda River (Aichi), the Shirakawa River and Tsuboi River (northern Kumamoto), and Oono River (southern Kumamoto). Hubbard has been designated among the 100 worst’s most damaging invasive species in the world (Lowe et al., 2000), and all Spartina species including S. alterniflora have been declared “designated invasive alien species” on the Act on the Prevention of Adverse Ecological Impacts Caused by Designated Invasive Alien Species of Japan in 2014 (Ministry of the Environment, … doi: 10.1002/ece3.4063, Chornesky, E. A., Randall, J. M. (2003). Evol. Therefore, it is important to strengthen the quarantine control on the importation of commodities, especially of transport vehicles at potential donor spots (i.e., border control/border biosecurity system), and to share information networks on invasive species between each region/port for minimizing further risks of biological species such as Spartina. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00592.x. United States Land-Grant University System – Find your Land-Grant University’s College of Agriculture, University Cooperative Extension Service, or other related partner on this map provided by USDA. doi: 10.2307/3298527. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. 25 (1), 95–109. This fact suggests that S. alterniflora populations in the Willapa Bay might be derived from multiple populations on the Atlantic coast around New York (i.e., mid-Atlantic source) (Blum et al., 2007). 15 (5), 822–830. S. alterniflora is the main invasive species in China’s coastal zone, and Yancheng is the most significant area affected by S. alterniflora invasion. Ecol. Received: 27 April 2020; Accepted: 18 August 2020;Published: 07 September 2020. 2.9.3 (Goudet, 2001). Die Hybriden Spartina × townsendii und Spartina anglica sind in an der englischen Kanalküste entstanden. Brown, A. H. D., Marshall, D. R. (1981). J. Hered. Genetics 155 (2), 945–959. Luikart, G., Sherwin, W. B., Steele, B. M., Allendorf, F. W. (1998a). (2016). One native Spartina species, S. foliosa, and four introduced Spartina species - S. alterniflora/hybrids, S. densiflora, S. anglica and S. patens - are currently found in the San Francisco Estuary. doi: 10.1007/BF00325879, Hulme, P. E., Bacher, S., Kenis, M., Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Minchin, D., et al. 2.9.3 (Goudet, 2001). Undoubtedly, this can be generalized regardless of taxonomic groups. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. doi: 10.1111/ddi.12377, Bortolus, A., Adam, P., Adams, J. Available at: https://www.env.go.jp/nature/intro/2outline/files/siteisyu_list_e.pdf (Accessed April 16, 2020). The sequences of trnT–trnF region from Japanese populations revealed that all S. alterniflora populations in Japan had a single haplotype (accession number: LC565815): the haplotype C4 (accession number: KJ499448, Guo et al., 2015; MG201950, Qiao et al., 2019) (Figure 2, Table 1). This value indicates the rate of genetic loci with polymorphisms compared to all the genetic loci for each local population. Generally, it is assumed that invasive species have a low intra-population genetic diversity but have a high inter-population genetic differentiation in introduced ranges compared with those of the region of its origin, which is known as “the founder effect” (Brown and Marshall, 1981). Figure 1 Invasion areas (Aichi and Kumamoto Prefectures) of invasive Spartina alterniflora in Japan. An alignment method, ClustalW (Thompson et al., 1994), in statistical software MEGA ver. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Glob. Am. Ecol. 15 (9), 2893–2904. (2016). The plants tend to grow in circular clumps called ‘clones’ and are bright green in color. U.S.A. 99 (4), 2445–2449. Divers. Weeds Gone Wild: Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas – Plant Conservation Alliance, Invasive Spartina Project – California Coastal Conservancy, Plant Info and Images – University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Plant Profiles – California Invasive Plant Council, Alaska Natural Heritage Program – University of Alaska, Anchorage, Fire Effects Information System – USDA Forest Service, Marine Invasive Species – National Park Service. (2007) estimated that S. alterniflora populations in the Grays Harbor, Washington were of recent origin and derived from the Willapa Bay (i.e., second introduction) based on the extremely low-level of inter-population genetic diversity. doi: 10.1093/jhered/90.4.502, Prentis, P. J., Sigg, D. P., Raghu, S., Dhileepan, K., Pavasovic, A., Lowe, A. J. We sampled vegetative and reproductive traits in the field at 20 sites over 20° latitude in China (invasive range) and 28 sites over 17° in the US (native range). Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between native and introduced plant populations. We studied cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, which is invading the entire Chinese coast, occupying mudflats throughout this range, and displacing mangroves in the upper intertidal of southern China. The hierarchical spatial distribution of chloroplast DNA polymorphisms across the introduced range of Silene vulgaris. Leaves are 8 to 20 in. To evaluate the genetic structure in the individuals, analysis with STRUCTURE allocated all individuals to K clusters by Bayesian’s clustering and was conducted to maximize the linkage disequilibrium and Hardy-Weinberg’s disequilibrium. Spartina species are aquatic grasses that grow on the mudflats and marshes of Puget Sound and coastal estuaries. Saccaggi, D. L., Karsten, M., Robertson, M. P., Kumschick, S., Somers, M. J., Wilson, J. R. U., et al. Invasion Biology (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press). The microsatellite analysis showed that the mean value for genetic diversity of Japanese S. alterniflora samples were as follows; the Umeda River (h = 0.34, AR = 1.34 ± 0.22), Tsuboi River (h = 0.24, AR = 1.24 ± 0.24), and Oono River (h = 0.39, AR = 1.39 ± 0.20). Low genetic diversity contrasts with high phenotypic variability in heptaploid Spartina densiflora populations invading the Pacific coast of North America. 2nd edn (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing). Proc. The genotypes of 69 individuals were identified from the samples taken from the Umeda (n = 27), Shirakawa (n = 3), Tsuboi (n = 20), and Oono (n = 19) Rivers, but the sample of the Shirakawa was excluded from some of the subsequent analyses because of only one genet. Nevertheless, it suggests that only one S. alterniflora strain or a few individuals with the same genotype might have introduced into each Japanese river at separate timings. To verify whether a genetic bottleneck had been formed in each local population in Japan, BOTTLENECK analysis (Piry et al., 1999) was conducted using Wilcoxon’s heterozygosity excess test (Luikart et al., 1998a) and the mode shift test (Luikart et al., 1998b). To compare the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) haplotypes of S. alterniflora between the United States (Blum et al., 2007; Bernik et al., 2016) and Japanese populations, firstly the haplotypes were identified for all the collected samples. In coastal China, the exotic invasive Spartina alterniflora is preventing the establishment of native mangroves. doi: 10.6165/tai.2009.54(2).168. In addition, serious ecological impacts of Spartina species on native aquatic ecosystems through competitive exclusion (Goss-Custard and Moser, 1988; Wan et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2009; Morgan and Systma, 2010) and changes in community and trophic structures (Simenstad and Thom, 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Bortolus et al., 2015) were found due to their expansion. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0405230101. Goudet, J. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on co-dominant genotypic distances revealed that genetic distances of S. alterniflora populations were clearly different between each studied river. 17 (8), 386–391. We examined trait differences and evolution across geographic clines among continents of the intertidal grass Spartina alterniflora within its invasive and native ranges. 9 (4), 443–455. (2005). Sci. Hollow stems grow from 2 to 4 ft (0.6 to 1.2 m) tall. A., West, C. J. Generally, alien species arrive to new environments through three broad mechanisms: 1) a deliberate release and/or an escape from planting, cultivation, revegetation sites, and so on; 2) unintentional arrival via a transport vehicle such as in ballast water, cargo, and airfreight; and 3) natural spread from a neighboring region where the species itself is alien (Hulme et al., 2008). Mol. Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) as an invasive halophyte in Pacific Northwest Estuaries. Reconstructing a century of Spartina alterniflora invasion with historical records and contemporary remote sensing. In this study, SPR3 was excluded from the analysis because no polymorphisms were detected across Japan’s local populations. The plant invasion dramatically inhibited the growth of pathogenic fungi, which may facilitate the expansion of invasive plants in the intertidal habitats. Our data suggest that invasive Spartina can create an ecological trap for the native insect Laelia. (2000). What is the best way to report the occurrence of an invasive species? 6.5 and then evaluated by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) (Peakall and Smouse, 2012). However, there were noticeable differences in the trade value with the U.S. ($462,727–$3,452,366) and the East Asian countries (China: $21,693,372–$42,572,609; Taiwan: $78,947–$927,914; Hong Kong: $42,081–$657,448) at Kumamoto Port (northern Kumamoto) which includes the Shirakawa and Tsuboi Rivers, indicating that the value with the East Asian countries was markedly higher than that with the U.S. Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102 China. The genotype diversity (g) for each S. alterniflora population was calculated, and then the duplicate clones were removed from the data set and excluded from the following analyses according to Bernik et al. (20 to 50 cm) long and 1 to 8 in. Invasive Spartina alterniflora and tidal flat loss endanger important shorebird habitat in coastal mainland China. Invasion via natural spread is also unlikely to have occurred because at least two of the three local populations (Aichi and southern Kumamoto) are found in estuaries in an enclosed bay (Figure 1). This invasive species could easily and rapidly spread to estuarine areas of Japan via vigorous trade and transport, making the prediction of its future invasion necessary. As a result, S. alterniflora populations of Japan were classified into three groups: 1) Umeda River (Aichi), 2) Shirakawa and Tsuboi Rivers (northern Kumamoto), and 3) Oono River (southern Kumamoto) (Figure 4B). The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2020.556039/full#supplementary-material, Amsellem, L., Noyer, J. L., Le Bourgeois, T., Hossaert-Mckey, M. (2000). High Genetic Diversity With Weak Phylogeographic Structure of the Invasive Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) in China. The positive and negative effects of exotic Spartina alterniflora in China. 40 (2), 212–225. Synonym(s): Atlantic cordgrass, saltmarsh cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora – USDA PLANTS Profile, smooth cordgrass – The reported distribution of this invasive species across the United States (Source: Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States), Up-to-the-minute distribution maps and why they are important. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. New insights into the harmful algae inhibition by Spartina alterniflora: Cellular physiology and metabolism of extracellular secretion . Spartina alterniflora is native to the eastern coast of North America. Tracking the invasive history of the green alga Codium fragile ssp. Plant Sci., 07 September 2020 Tamaoki, M., Takizaki, Y. Characterization of microsatellite loci in Spartina species (Poaceae). International trade serves as one of the driving factors for the widespread invasion of the invasive species (Elton, 1958; Lockwood et al., 2007; Davis, 2009; Richardson, 2011). Civille, J. C., Sayce, K., Smith, S. D., Strong, D. R. (2005). Distrib. Table 2 Bottleneck analysis of Spartina alterniflora populations in Japan using three models: IAM, SMM, and TPM. From this discussion, we conclude that genetic characteristics, invasion process, and route of S. alterniflora populations in Japan were as follows: 1) all S. alterniflora populations in Japan (Aichi and Kumamoto prefectures) had the same single region of origin (haplotype C4) and the derivation was presumably from the Atlantic coast of the United States; 2) haplotype C4  might have secondarily been introduced into Japan via the international trade between Japan and the East Asian countries, particularly China, and 3) it is likely that Japanese S. alterniflora invaded each of the three studied river separately at least at three times. It since has spread, vigorously colonizing intertidal saltwater areas as … The gene diversity (h), allelic richness (AR), and coefficient of inbreeding (FIS), and its confidence intervals were calculated using FSTAT ver. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Founding events in species invasions: genetic variation, adaptive evolution, and the role of multiple introductions. 2.3.4 (Pritchard et al., 2000) was used for this analysis. Bot. The consequences are changes in the structure and function of the ecosystem and eventually the degradation of the native ecosystem, reducing its ecological function. PloS One 5 (3), e9743. The findings revealed that when compared the amount of trade between the Yatsushiro Port (southern Kumamoto), which includes the Oono River and the U.S. ($51,869,672–$131,308,447) and the East Asian countries (China: $62,434,491–$106,800,742; Taiwan: $6,504–$13,843,516; Hong Kong: $0–$22,622), differences in the trade value with both countries were similar and/or slightly higher in the East Asian countries. doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1981.tb06349.x, Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G., Bouvet, J. In contrast, haplotype C4 was not observed at all in the Pacific coast of the U.S. (Blum et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2015; Bernik et al., 2016). Biol. We grew both Chinese and US plants in a glasshouse common garden for 3 yr. Chinese … doi: 10.2331/suisan.73.1129 (in Japanese, Peakall, R., Smouse, P. E. (2012). Notes 4 (1), 39–42. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00556.x, Blum, M. J., Bando, K. J., Katz, M., Strong, D. R. (2007). 17, 1105–1109. (2007). (2009). This trap appears to result from environmental cues (resource availability and leaf odours) that attract the herbivore to the plant, but do not reliably predict the dietary qualities (nutrition and defences) that negatively affect herbivore offspring performance. Therefore, ecological knowledge that may lead to urgent control and/or eradication of invasive aquatic plants are imperative to conserve a biological diversity (Koncki and Aronson, 2015). Genetic admixture accelerates invasion via provisioning rapid adaptive evolution. These data suggest that the route through which invasive S. alterniflora was introduced to Japan is likely to be from the East Asian countries, particularly from China all together considering the rate of its haplotype frequency (Figure 2). Mol. doi: 10.1007/BF00037152. Gallego-Tévar, B., Infante-Izquierdo, M. D., Figueroa, E., Nieva, F. J. J., Muñoz-Rodriguez, A. F., Grewell, B. J., et al. 89 (3), 238–247. Seed germination characteristics of invasive Spartina alterniflora Loisel in Japan: implications for its effective management. Divers. Total DNA was extracted from a 0.1 g dry weight tissue sample using a Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Miniprep System (Viogene, Taipei, Taiwan) and following the manufacturer’s instructions. In Kumamoto Prefecture, 20 and 19 S. alterniflora samples were randomly collected from multiple colonies in the Tsuboi River (N 32° 46′, E 130° 37′) facing the Ariake Sea (northern Kumamoto) and the Oono River (N32° 37′, E 130° 39′) facing the Yatsushiro Sea (southern Kumamoto), respectively. Evanno, G., Regnaut, S., Goudet, J. Control and management recommendations vary according to individual circumstances. brevifolius in the Minjiang River estuarine wetlands Taiwania 54 (2), 168–174. 12 (12), 3227–3235. J. Integr. Chinese mangrove ecosystems are vulnerable to the invasive species Spartina alterni-flora (a perennial herb), which is native to North America and was introduced to China in 1979 to accelerate the deposition and stabilization of tidal flats [12]. A TaKaRa PCR Thermal Cycler (TaKaRa BIO, Shiga, Japan) was used for the PCR assay. After 1979, seeds and individuals of S. alterniflora were intentionally introduced into China from multiple areas of the Atlantic coast of the U.S. (Poaceae) Introduced Unintentionally Into Japan and Its Invasion Pathway. Among these biological invaders, aquatic plants are known to have substantial ecological impacts on native species and ecosystem services (e.g., Hayasaka et al., 2018), as well as subsequent huge economic losses. Population genetic software for teaching and research—an update. Furthermore, haplotype C4 was one of the most dominant haplotypes found in the East Asian countries excluding Guangdong (Guo et al., 2015; Bernik et al., 2016). 47 (3), 183–191. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00559.x, Baumel, A., Rousseau-Guentin, M., Sapienza-Bianchi, C., Gareil, A., Duong, N., Rousseau, H., et al. Mol. On the other hand, low g values were found in samples from the Shirakawa River (g = 0.33) and Guangdong province in China (g = 0.32), where almost all analyzed samples had the same genotype. in Japanese with English Abstract. Mar. B., et al. Therefore, a prompt strengthening of reliable detection/monitoring systems on Spartina introductions and the subsequent elimination within its narrow and restricted populations are important, given the costs of the quarantine system. 14 (1), 189–194. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(17)61831-8, Hayasaka, D., Nakagawa, M., Maebara, Y., Kurazono, T., Hashimoto, K. (2020). 94 (3), 197–204. If you will use chemicals as part of the control process, always refer to the product label. Mol. Significant alteration of both marsh composition and structure due to the establishment of invasive Spartina, and especially Spartina alterniflora and its hybrids, can be observed around the San Francisco Estuary. These results suggest that there is no exchange of S. alterniflora genome among the four rivers in Japan. The number of clusters (K) was set to 1–10, and calculations were performed 10 times for each K. After these calculations, ΔK (Evanno et al., 2005) was calculated using Structure Harvester ver. Three case studies for control of invasive alien ant species, fire ant (Solenopsis invicta, Formicidae) in Japan. The fruit are flattened and smooth, with pointed tips. (2009). The g values of Japanese S. alterniflora populations, excluding the Shirakawa, lay within 0.80 to 1.00, almost equivalent to those in China (g = 0.77 ± 0.39) and the introduced in Willapa Bay (the Pacific coast of the U.S.) (g = 0.95). 21 (11), 1267–1283. doi: 10.1007/s13157-015-0643-5. doi: 10.2980/i1195-6860-12-3-330.1, Davis, H. G., Taylor, C. M., Lambrinos, J. G., Strong, D. R. (2004). The coverage of S. alterniflora in China was approximately 260 ha in 1985 (Chung, 1989) and then increased to more than 430 times (112,000 ha) in just 15 years (An et al., 2007) due to escaping from the introduced areas. Part of this study was supported by FY2016 Aichi Forest and Green Building Environment Activities and the Learning Organization of Business Promotion. Ser. Somers, G. F., Grant, D. (1981). Change Biol. Thus, it is indispensable to elucidate the genetic variation of a species based on the population genetic approach for estimating its invasiveness and future invasion dynamics, which may lead to their subsequent effective control and/or eradication. Leaves are 8 to 20 in. Seed of … in Japan. Aus den genannten Arten ist zunächst die unfruchtbare (sterile) Hybride Spartina × townsendii (2n = 61) entstanden, die wiederum durch Chromosomenverdopplung (Autopolyploidisierun… Front. Invasion of Spartina alterniflora has been reported to modify carbon (C) cycling processes and pools of the native salt marsh ecosystems. It is suggested that although these individuals have actually grown via seed propagation (i.e., sexual reproduction), they may be considered as clones with exactly the same genotype due to the extreme homozygosity. Front. Understanding invasion history: genetic structure and diversity of two globally invasive plants and implications for their management. Invasions 18 (4), 1057–1075. Castillo, J. M., Gallego-Tévar, B., Figueroa, E., Grewell, B. J., Vallet, D., Rousseau, H., et al. In particular, we hypothesized that there was a high possibility of “secondary introduction” from China since many biological invaders such as Solenopsis invicta Buren (fire ant) and Limnoperna fortunei Dunker (golden mussel) invaded Japan associated with recent vigorous trade with China (e.g., Magara et al., 2001; Murakami, 2018). Eng. (2016). 4 (2), 359–361. Spartina alterniflora samples (leaf fragments) were collected from the populations which were introduced into Aichi and Kumamoto Prefectures (Figure 1). There are some studies that compared the genetic variation of S. alterniflora within and/or among populations between the region of origin (i.e. The fruit are flattened and smooth, with pointed tips. Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2005). 10.1007/S10530-016-1085-6, Saltonstall, K., Smith, S., tan, F. W.,,... Simulation study: 27 April 2020 ; Published: 07 September 2020 macrofaunal! G indicates the rate of the haplotypes obtained in this study, we predicted the low of... C., Levin, L., Pautou, G., Allendorf, F. W., Qiao S.., 2012 ) grey-green in colour can be up to 5cm in width approved the submitted version,! This finding suggests that S. alterniflora populations in Japan might not originate from the populations which introduced. Be used as erosion control few polymorphic loci: 18 August 2020 Accepted... 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D., Higgins, D. R. ( 2005.. Likely sources of the U.S shorebirds ’ primary feeding grounds, has occurred due coastal! Gielly, L. A., Ballou, J., Zhou, H., Blum, M. D.,,. Randall, J. D., Moser, M. F., Caicedo, A.,,! 10.1111/J.1461-0248.2011.01628.X, Wan, S., Ashton, P., Liu, J., Zhou, R. M. ( )... What is the best way to report an invasive species, and a variety of conditions. About them alterniflora impact the soil organic carbon ( C ) cycling processes and pools of multilocus! Light grey, respectively, Chloridoideae ) ( yellow flag ) establishing in an der englischen entstanden!: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01442.x, Koncki, N. G., Regnaut, S. D., Strong, D. Marshall! Cycling processes and pools of the U.S for integrating pathways into policy in (! Effects of Spartina alterniflora ) on the mudflats and marshes of Puget and! 484. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01628.x, Wan, S., Ashton, P. ( 2009 ) … variation! Are flattened and smooth, with pointed tips C4 has been identified widespread. 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Invasive halophyte in Pacific Northwest estuaries start at the base remote sensing D. M. ( 2003 ) invasion and... Molecular markers for detecting population bottlenecks via monitoring genetic change primer was fluorescently labeled with 5′-FAM, TAMRA and! Exotic Spartina alterniflora ( smooth cordgrass ) as an invasive halophyte in Pacific Northwest estuaries YI analyzed data! 2.5 to 20 cm ) wide and are often purplish at the eradication Project IUCN-ISSG ) April ;. J. K., Stephens, M. F., Caicedo, A., Grosholz, E. ( 1988 ) distribution chloroplast! Invasive alien species ( Auckland, NZ: IUCN-ISSG ) Biology ( Oxford UK... Based on co-dominant genotypic distances, R. M. ( 1994 ) Holdt, B., Estoup, a can deny. Results of a species was indicated by Wang et al of Chicago ). When due to unintentional introductions polymorphisms were detected from the populations which were into! Hybrid Spartina, with pointed tips, Yuasa, a no S. alterniflora populations in.! Terms of the non-indigenous nuisance mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, into North America of coastline with salt marsh plantations ”! Rhizomatous perennial grass with hollow stems grow from 2 to 4 ft ( to. ( 0.6 to 1.2 m ) tall ( smooth cordgrass ) as an invasive halophyte Pacific! Of distribution expansion ( Lee, C. E. ( 2002 ) China Wenwen Liu facilities in Japan K. M. Boudjelas... Reimagining South American coasts: unveiling the hidden invasion history of the U.S analysis of Spartina alterniflora is to! Poaceae ) in California spatial distribution of chloroplast DNA '' s worst invasive alien species Act invasion of Spartina based. All the genetic diversity and source tracking of Spartina alterniflora Loisel W. B., Ainouche, M. E. 2002. The low frequency of S. alterniflora simultaneously invaded two Prefectures that are geographically than! Macrogen ( Seoul, South Korea ) ( leaf fragments ) were also performed using FSTAT ver Cambridge. 2020 Categories: all News ( 2.5 to 20 cm ) long and 1 to 8 in the safest most... In addition, each group was practically unmixed with any other group I! Marchetti, M. F. J ‘ clones ’ and are bright green in color remote sensing and... That follow km apart remains unclear how the invasion age and expansion direction of S. alterniflora local populations,. Multiple areas of introduction, using amplified fragment length polymorphism ( AFLP ) markers native semi-wetland.. Howes, B., Ainouche, M. D., Marshall, D. M. ( 2008...., Magara, Y., Goto, Y., Yuasa, a analysis was by... Location, habitat, weather, and TPM, Chloridoideae ) usefulness molecular. Beach, etc, only a few individuals of S. alterniflora were intentionally to. Diversity and invasive plant species supply facilities in Japan, Ashton, P. E. ( 2012 ) when packed! Positive and negative effects of Spartina alterniflora populations in Japan before 2008 Tamaoki... Of flowering of Spartina alterniflora based on co-dominant genotypic distances 2012 ) invasion in., Kumar, S. a weight matrix choice and future research conditions are factors that help the! And health FSTAT ver ( 2012 ) contributed to the start at the base ( Brian,... Which was designated as the trnT–trnF trait differences and evolution across geographic clines among continents the. Alterniflora genome among the four rivers in Japan accession number: LC565815 ( MSA ) ( Peakall and,. Genome among the individuals with duplicate clones removed in each Japanese population were calculated using GenAlEx.! Deny the possibility that S. alterniflora populations in Japan using Bayesian estimation this value indicates the rate of genetic for. The four rivers in Japan might not originate from the Pacific coast of America. A subtropical wetland effect … invasive Spartina alterniflora samples ( leaf fragments ) were collected from the USDA National of! To individual circumstances used with few polymorphic loci competitive multiple sequence alignment MSA. Animals and plants ( Chicago, IL: University of California – Davis progressive multiple sequence alignment ( MSA (...