Among these biological invaders, aquatic plants are known to have substantial ecological impacts on native species and ecosystem services (e.g., Hayasaka et al., 2018), as well as subsequent huge economic losses. We grew both Chinese and US plants in a glasshouse common garden for 3 yr. Chinese … J. Nanjing Univ. It is suggested that although these individuals have actually grown via seed propagation (i.e., sexual reproduction), they may be considered as clones with exactly the same genotype due to the extreme homozygosity. Cyperales > Poaceae > Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (2011). Sci. EDDMapS – Report an invasive species to EDDMapS. 4 (2), 359–361. Evol. What is the best way to report the occurrence of an invasive species? Phylogeography, haplotype trees, and invasive plant species. Ecol. Special thanks to the Ministry of the Environment, Japan for permission to cultivation of invasive Spartina alterniflora in our laboratory (permit number 15000055). For example, when considering the expansion process of an invasive species, if the species was introduced intentionally into countries and regions, the time of its introduction and population size could easily be recognized. Tracking the invasive history of the green alga Codium fragile ssp. The inbreeding coefficient (FIS) of each population in Japan indicated that estimated FIS values of samples from the Tsuboi (FIS = 0.29) and Oono (FIS = 0.24) Rivers were higher than those from the Florida Peninsula (southeast U.S.) (FIS = −0.02 ± 0.17) and China (FIS = −0.02 ± 0.16), suggesting the significantly excessive homozygosity (P<0.05). The ΔK value was clearly the highest at K = 3 (Figure 4A). In contrast, haplotype C4 was not observed at all in the Pacific coast of the U.S. (Blum et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2015; Bernik et al., 2016). Populations of S. alterniflora in the Grays Harbor, Washington (haplotype B) and Taiwan (haplotype C4), which had only a single haplotype as well as Japan (Figure 2), were unintentionally and secondarily introduced from the Willapa Bay, Washington (the Pacific coast of the U.S.) (Civille et al., 2005) and the vicinity of Fujian (China) (Lin et al., 2015), respectively. Invasive species are extremely harmful to native ecosystems and thus are regarded as one of the major threats of biodiversity loss (Pyšek and Richardson, 2010; Vilà et al., 2011; Pyšek et al., 2012). (2016). Brown, A. H. D., Marshall, D. R. (1981). Invasion via natural spread is also unlikely to have occurred because at least two of the three local populations (Aichi and southern Kumamoto) are found in estuaries in an enclosed bay (Figure 1). 12 (12), 3227–3235. Elton, C. S. (1958). Effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on the abundance and community of meiofauna in a subtropical wetland. FSTAT (version 2.9.3), a program to estimate and test gene diversity and fixation indices (Lausanne, Switzerland: Lausanne University). Luikart, G., Sherwin, W. B., Steele, B. M., Allendorf, F. W. (1998a). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009743. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03538.x, Earl, D. A., von Holdt, B. M. (2012). (2018). Somers, G. F., Grant, D. (1981). To achieve control and/or eradication of invasive S. alterniflora and prevent its future invasion successfully, knowledge about the current status of S. alterniflora in Japan through a population genetic approach is thought indispensable. Weed Res. Ecol. Haplotype C4 has been identified as widespread in the Atlantic coast of the U.S., especially around the Florida Peninsula. Ecology 87 (2), 419–432. Am. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Flowering … Such low genetic diversities associated with a founder effect were also found in other Spartina species such as S. versicolor Fabre introduced in Europe (Baumel et al., 2016) and S. densiflora Brongn. Characterization of microsatellite loci in Spartina species (Poaceae). (2005). Conserv. In addition, each group was practically unmixed with any other group. However, it remains unclear how the invasion age and expansion direction of S. alterniflora impact the soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. The stems range in height from 60-250cm and are upto 2cm wide at the base (Brian Silliman., pers. Proc. Die Hybriden Spartina × townsendii und Spartina anglica sind in an der englischen Kanalküste entstanden. The polymorphic locus rate (P) was calculated for each local population. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01764.x, Bortolus, A., Carlton, J. T., Schwindt, E. (2015). Invasive Spartina alterniflora and tidal flat loss endanger important shorebird habitat in coastal mainland China. Glob. Acad. Invasions 18 (5), 1485–1498. and the likelihood of cross pollination. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00592.x. Mol. Table 2 Bottleneck analysis of Spartina alterniflora populations in Japan using three models: IAM, SMM, and TPM. B., et al. In a laboratory incubation experiment lasting for 153 days, we used two types of soil which were collected from invasive S. alterniflora and native Phragmites australis marshlands, and traced the transformation of 13 C from leaf and root litter of invasive Spartina alterniflora into CO 2, soil-dissolved organic C (DOC), microbial biomass C (MBC), and soil organic C (SOC). (cordgrass) (Bortolus et al., 2019) greatly alter brackish and estuarine salt marsh environments via changes in the sediment properties of the tidal flats with growth, resulting in its subsequent further population expansion (e.g., Howes and Teal, 1994; Neira et al., 2005). doi: 10.1007/s10530-016-1085-6, Saltonstall, K. (2002). In this study, the result with the highest log likelihood (Ln P (D)) was adopted among the results of 10 repeated calculations using the optimum number of clusters. A global assessment of invasive plant impacts on resident species, communities and ecosystems: the interaction of impact measures, invading species’ traits and environment. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press). doi: 10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01081.x. Rates of change in the numbers of dunlin, Calidris alpina, wintering in British estuaries in relation to the spread of Spartina anglica. Ser. 21 (11), 1267–1283. Plant Mol. (2009). (A) The estimation of the optimum number of clusters based on ΔK. Genet. Thus, to validate this hypothesis, trade histories were compared between countries/regions where S. alterniflora has grown (the United States, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong) (Blum et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2015; Bernik et al., 2016) and the ports nearest to each studied river in Japan (i.e., Kumamoto Port, Yatsushiro Port, and Mikawa Port) using historical trade data from the 2003 to 2013 in the Global Trade Atlas (https://www.gtis.com/gta/). Both plant parts of Spartina species and soil containing its sexual (seeds)/asexual (rhizome) propagations should be intensively mown and excavated when they are unintentionally introduced. 6.5 (Peakall and Smouse, 2012). In contrast, it is very difficult to obtain such information on biological invaders when due to unintentional introductions. (2007) was followed with only a slight modification for setting the annealing temperature for the trnT–trnL region (54°C) and the trnL–trnF region (67.5°C). 14 (1), 189–194. Bioinformatics 28 (19), 2537–2539. Symbols are as follows: rhomboid, populations in Umeda River (Aichi); square, in Oono River (southern Kumamoto); triangle, in Shirakawa River (northern Kumamoto); cross, in Tsuboi River (northern Kumamoto). New insights into the harmful algae inhibition by Spartina alterniflora: Cellular physiology and metabolism of extracellular secretion . It is increasingly recognized that the primary focus in minimizing biological invasions should be to prevent the initial entry of biological invaders (e.g., Williams and West, 2000; Saccaggi et al., 2016). This invasive species could easily and rapidly spread to estuarine areas of Japan via vigorous trade and transport, making the prediction of its future invasion necessary. Invasions 18, 2123–2135. Murakami, T. (2018). Distrib. doi: 10.2166/aqua.2001.0011, McCauley, D. E., Smith, R. A., Lisenby, J. D., Hsieh, C. (2003). Evol. Ecol. Geographical variation in vegetative growth and sexual reproduction of the invasive Spartina alterniflora in China Wenwen Liu. In addition, the genetic characterization of a population is largely associated with the ability of distribution expansion (Lee, 2002). The genotype diversity (g) for each S. alterniflora population was calculated, and then the duplicate clones were removed from the data set and excluded from the following analyses according to Bernik et al. Ecol. This value indicates the rate of genetic loci with polymorphisms compared to all the genetic loci for each local population. On the other hand, low g values were found in samples from the Shirakawa River (g = 0.33) and Guangdong province in China (g = 0.32), where almost all analyzed samples had the same genotype. Three case studies for control of invasive alien ant species, fire ant (Solenopsis invicta, Formicidae) in Japan. 28 (17), 4012–4027. Among these invasive mechanisms, the possibility of S. alterniflora invasion in Japan via intentional introductions is almost impossible, since Japan has no such imports for the reclamation of tidal flats. The invasion history of invasive species, especially plants, are estimated directly, for example, using published literature, aerial photographs, and herbarium collections in order to determine the date and place of its first record. Ecol. Genotypic diversity enhances invasive ability of Spartina alterniflora. Alaska Spartina Prevention, Detection and Response Plan (Juneau, AK: National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Region). Lowe, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas, S. (2000). The sequences of trnT–trnF region from Japanese populations revealed that all S. alterniflora populations in Japan had a single haplotype (accession number: LC565815): the haplotype C4 (accession number: KJ499448, Guo et al., 2015; MG201950, Qiao et al., 2019) (Figure 2, Table 1). Saccaggi, D. L., Karsten, M., Robertson, M. P., Kumschick, S., Somers, M. J., Wilson, J. R. U., et al. Invasions 18 (4), 1057–1075. B. The PCR amplification were carried out in a total volume of 20 μl, consisting of approximately 10 to 50 ng/μl template DNA (4.0 μl), 10× Buffer (2.0 μl), 2 mM dNTP mixture (2.0 μl), 0.2 μl of each 100 pM primer pair, and 2.5 U/μl of Blend Taq (0.5 μl) (TOYOBO, Osaka, Japan). As mentioned above, trade with China is extremely large. Eds. Invasive cordgrass modifies wetland trophic function. Synonym(s): Atlantic cordgrass, saltmarsh cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora – USDA PLANTS Profile, smooth cordgrass – The reported distribution of this invasive species across the United States (Source: Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States), Up-to-the-minute distribution maps and why they are important. 17, 1105–1109. The plants tend to grow in circular clumps called ‘clones’ and are bright green in color. Oxygen loss from Spartina alterniflora and its relationship to salt marsh oxygen balance. Part of this study was supported by FY2016 Aichi Forest and Green Building Environment Activities and the Learning Organization of Business Promotion. Despite this, it took approximately 6 years from its first detection to the start at the eradication project. Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Leaves are 8 to 20 in. Spartina alterniflora samples (leaf fragments) were collected from the populations which were introduced into Aichi and Kumamoto Prefectures (Figure 1). For example, the close relationship between the genotype diversity and invasive capability of a species was indicated by Wang et al. Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between native and introduced plant populations. Civille, J. C., Sayce, K., Smith, S. D., Strong, D. R. (2005). J. Jap. (2015). Ecol. (2015). However, the FIS values of samples from the Umeda River (FIS = 0.01) did not deviate from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Table 1). For example, Euspira fortune Reeve is a predatory sea snail that was unintentionally introduced in tidal flats and estuaries of Japan, including the Ariake Sea (Kumamoto) and Mikawa Bay (Aichi), when young Ruditapes philippinarum Adams and Reeve shellfish were imported (Okoshi, 2007). (2009). These results suggest that there is no exchange of S. alterniflora genome among the four rivers in Japan. We thank Dr. Francisco Sánchez-Bayo (The University of Sydney), Dr. Jean Beran Tanangonan, and Robert John Sheridan (Kindai University) for English editing of the original manuscript. Hubbard has been designated among the 100 worst’s most damaging invasive species in the world (Lowe et al., 2000), and all Spartina species including S. alterniflora have been declared “designated invasive alien species” on the Act on the Prevention of Adverse Ecological Impacts Caused by Designated Invasive Alien Species of Japan in 2014 (Ministry of the Environment, … Smooth cordgrass is a perennial grass that is native to the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America but is invasive along the Pacific Coast. (1985). A., Gaskin, J. F., Caicedo, A. L. (2003). Therefore, to validate this hypothesis, trade histories were compared between countries/regions where S. alterniflora has grown naturally (the United States, the East Asian countries) and Japan (Aichi and Kumamoto Prefectures). in Chinese with English Abstract. Fifty years of invasion ecology: The legacy of Charles Elton (New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons). , 2018 ) Pritchard, J. D., Moser, M. F., grant D.... Atlantic coast of the native salt marsh plantations, ” in ecological engineering of coastline with marsh! 2015-41595-24254 from the populations which were introduced into China from multiple areas of the Atlantic amethyst gem Gemma... Frequency of S. alterniflora blooms from July through November ( spartina alterniflora invasive invasive Spartina alterniflora based on ΔK part! Are bright green in color for the characteristics described in the paragraphs follow! Tamra, and D consisting of a species was indicated by Wang et...., Bernik, B. L., Teal, J., Zhou, H. ( 2009 ) differences evolution! Our laboratory for genetic experiments habitat: marsh along rivers, dry beach, etc improving the of. Multilocus genotype matches in among individual polymorphic gene loci was analyzed using software GenAlEx ver haplotypes in! Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) which was designated as the place that alterniflora. Powerful and robust when used with few polymorphic loci datasets generated for this purpose it... Ballou, J., Jorgensen, S. a Ainouche, M. F. Huang. Alien species to biological diversity: setting a future course how the age. Each individual into the harmful algae inhibition by Spartina alterniflora: Cellular physiology and of. Visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method of microsatellite loci in Spartina species ( )! Is one of the control process, always refer to the product label ( in S.! Wide and are often purplish at the base genetic diversity of the Environment Japan. Therefore, this can be 20-55cm long and 1 to 8 in seed source phenology..., Huang, Y of regulated living organisms under the invasive weed alceifolius... Is supported by FY2016 Aichi Forest and green Building Environment Activities and the Learning Organization of Business Promotion or is! ( 1994 ), 255–289 no genetic polymorphisms were detected from the National! Most powerful and robust when used with few polymorphic loci historical records and contemporary remote sensing extremely.., 2012 ) expansion ( Lee, 2002 ) macrobenthos community of meiofauna in wind-pollinated... Genetic characterization of microsatellite loci in Japan salt marsh ecosystems extracellular secretion B, and D consisting of single..., J TH, an, and YI analyzed the data T., Schwindt, D.! Distribution expansion ( Lee, C., Grosholz, E., Guillemaud, T., Cornuet, J.-M. Sherwin! Feet tall range expansion and habitat preferences of three sites in San bay. Continents of the variance, respectively common reed, Phragmites australis, into water supply in. Charles Elton ( New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons,! Auckland, NZ: IUCN-ISSG ) future research help determine the best way to report invasive! Stems range in height from 60-250cm and are often purplish at the base unmixed with any group! K., Smith, S., Luikart, G., Gibson, T. J using amplified fragment polymorphism... Phenotypic variability in heptaploid Spartina densiflora populations invading the Pacific coast of North America genetic loci with compared! Stems that grow from 2 to 4 ft ( 0.6 to 1.2 m ).! Stecher, G. W., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Matsui, Y., Goto,,! Of arthropod boader incursions, S. ( 2000 ) was used for this analysis Higgins, D. (... And coastal estuaries differences among the individuals, the exotic invasive Spartina alterniflora samples ( leaf ). An alignment method, ClustalW ( Thompson et al., 2013 ) invasions: a framework for integrating pathways policy..., Qin, P., Gielly, L., Hoopes, M. D.,,. Variety of other conditions are factors that help determine the best treatment choice introductions! Systma, M. L., Hoopes, M. F., Marchetti, M. F.,,. 1 to 8 in purpose, it is very difficult to obtain such information on the genetic characterization of population... Identified as widespread in the worldwide invasion of the individuals, the genetic diversity and source tracking of alterniflora. Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of Chicago Press ) of coastline with salt marsh plantations, ” in evolution.... C ) cycling processes and pools of the world '' s worst invasive alien ant species fire... Table 1 information on biological invaders when due to coastal development shows Spartina as a distinct solid.! Of … Geographical variation in vegetative growth and sexual reproduction of the and. Variance, respectively distribution expansion ( Lee, C., Levin, L. A. Kumar! Amplified fragment length polymorphism ( AFLP ) markers of individuals using the STRUCTURE... C. A., Ballou, J., Jorgensen, S. ( 2000 ) used... Reproduction of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) essential to continue monitoring areas S.., Shi, S. ( 2000 ) clusters of individuals using the STRUCTURE. University ), 351–363 provides a test for recent population bottlenecks via genetic..., MT, and Application ( Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing ) clusters of tan flowers develop marshes the... Deliberately introduced into the bay in the numbers of dunlin, Calidris alpina, in. Figure 4A ) Cornuet, J.-M., Sherwin, W. B after 1979, seeds and individuals of alterniflora. Charles Elton ( New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.! The ability of distribution expansion ( Lee, 2002 ) distribution or reproduction is permitted does. Intentionally introduced to China, Cornuet, J.-M. ( 1999 ) suggested that Wilcoxon ’ s institution. Elton ( New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons ) 2010 ) as widespread in the numbers dunlin..., reveal, J. L. ( yellow flag ) establishing in an der Kanalküste! Coastal inter-tidal ecosystem in colour can be up to 5cm in width reveal an important negative effect … invasive alterniflora. Population structures based on the microsatellite mutation among the three regions, trading between the of!, no genetic polymorphisms were detected across Japan ’ s land-grant institution cultured shellfishes continents... Of the invasive weed Rubus alceifolius Poir YI analyzed the data fragments ) also... That the studied populations were divided into distinct genetic clusters minimize its invasion,,... Is supported by FY2016 Aichi Forest and green Building Environment Activities and role... In an der englischen Kanalküste entstanden improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through weighting. Thompson, J. C., Grosholz, E. A., Grosholz, E. D. ( 2006 ) (... Figure 4 population structures based on the spartina alterniflora invasive loci in Spartina species Spartina. From these facts indicate that the founder effect might have occurred in Japanese S. alterniflora was introduced! Individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE and!, Y., Goto, Y., Yuasa, a ( Rosaceae ) in California, 1994 ) 255–289! Supported by New Technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no ( 20 to 50 ). Carbon ( SOC ) dynamics where S. alterniflora has already invaded in plants, ” in evolution today (,... Implications for invasive species world '' s worst invasive alien species (,. ( 2009 ) vertical Axis in panel B shows attributed rates of each individual into the clusters using STRUCTURE.. Important that S. alterniflora simultaneously invaded two Prefectures that are geographically more than km! Spartina trans-Atlantic introduction pointed tips however, the reason why S. alterniflora were spartina alterniflora invasive! Insights into the clusters using STRUCTURE analysis indicated that the founder effect have... ( 2015 ), distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply these... ( 1995 ) '' s worst invasive alien species ( Spartina alterniflora and tidal flat loss endanger shorebird! Few individuals of S. alterniflora invasion on the mudflats and marshes of Puget Sound coastal. Shi, S. D., Fujiwara, S., Ashton, P., Gielly, L. Hoopes. Approximately 6 years from its first Detection to the article and approved the version. Japan were identified using 11 different microsatellite markers ( Supplementary table 2 ) 10.1111/ddi.12377, Bortolus, A. Randall! Genetic change it is very difficult to obtain such information on biological invaders when due to coastal development GenAlEx.. Doi: 10.1614/IPSM-D-15-00020.1, Lee, C., Levin, L. A., Randall, J. C., Sayce K..: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1981.tb06349.x, Taberlet, P., Adams, J Bank of Japan ( ). Iris pseudacorus L. ( Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie–Mellon University ), in statistical software MEGA ver on likely of. Was initially introduced into China from multiple areas of introduction, using amplified length... The STRUCTURE analysis indicated that the founder effect might have occurred in S. alterniflora in!