Lake Merritt, a large estuary centrally located east of Downtown, was announced as the United States' first official wildlife refuge. Oakland was the center of a general strike during the first week of December 1946, one of six cities across the country that had such a strike after World War II. They include dive bars, dance clubs, modern lounges and jazz bars. [200] The Oakland City Council reaffirmed the bike plan in 2005, revised it in 2007, and reaffirmed it in 2012. A major West Coast port city, Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the third largest city overall in the San Francisco Bay Area, the eighth most populated city in California, and the 45th most populated city in the United States. The wettest year was 1940 with 38.65 inches (982 mm) and the driest year was 1910 with 12.02 inches (305 mm). [140], Oakland has a significant art scene and claims the highest concentration of artists per capita in the United States. [144] In 2012, Oakland was dubbed a "New Sin City", following its 2010 decision to relax its cabaret laws, which gave a boost to its nightclub and bar scene. "[174] Crime dramatically decreased since the early 1990s but the city has continued to suffer from serious violent crime problems. Russell Clifford Durant established Durant Field at 82nd Avenue and East 14th Street in 1916. Immigrants and others have marched by the thousands down Oakland's International Boulevard in support of legal reforms benefiting undocumented immigrants. The Black Lives Matter and related protests for social justice in Oakland, San Francisco, and Marin continue a long tradition of Bay Area protest. [22] Its land served as a rich resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. Northern Light School is a private nonprofit elementary and middle school. [39], In 1916, General Motors opened an automobile factory in East Oakland called Oakland Assembly. Ruptures along the nearby San Andreas Fault caused severe earth movement in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1906 and 1989. [127][128], As of 2013[update], the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward metropolitan area has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$360.4 billion, ranking eighth among metropolitan areas in the United States. [185] As of 2015[update], the Oakland Unified School District includes 86 division-run schools and 32 charter schools; the district also manages several adult education programs. Oakland's Moore Dry Dock Company expanded its shipbuilding capabilities and built over 100 ships. Many AC Transit lines follow old routes of the Key System. Camarillo claims the family was the victim of targeted racial violence. [43] By 1929, when Chrysler expanded with a new plant there, Oakland had become known as the "Detroit of the West," referring to the major auto manufacturing center in Michigan.[44]. The metropolitan area is served by Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) from eight stations in Oakland. In 2011, Oakland was ranked the 10th most walkable city in the United States.[81]. The region's Fox O&O, KTVU 2, is based in (and licensed to) Oakland at Jack London Square along with co-owned independent station KICU-TV 36 (licensed to San Jose). The population density was 5,009.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,934.1/km2). Additionally, Oakland ranked fourth in cities with professional opportunities. 1917. Among their social programs were feeding children and providing other services to the needy. Besides the transcontinental line of the Southern Pacific, there was also the Santa Fe (whose Oakland terminal was actually in Emeryville), the Western Pacific Railroad (who built a pier adjacent to the SP's), and the Sacramento Northern Railroad (eventually absorbed by the Western Pacific, which in turn was absorbed by UP in 1983). [92], The greater Oakland area[specify] has the fifth largest cluster of "elite zip codes" ranked by the number of households with the highest combination of income and education. [174] There were 723 officers at the end of 2015. In addition, the Park Street, Fruitvale, and High Street bridges connect Alameda to East Oakland over the Oakland Estuary. In 2017, the Oakland Unified School District has received funding from Pandora in partnership with Little Kids Rock, towards expanding music education programs within the schools. The County government is primarily composed of the elected five-member Board of Supervisors, other elected offices including the Sheriff/Coroner, the District Attorney, Assessor, Auditor-Controller/County Clerk/Recorder, and Treasurer/Tax Collector, and numerous county departments and entities under the supervision of the County Administrator. The first Stop the Draft Week in Oakland, California, started at the Oakland Army Induction Center on Clay Street in October 1967. [104] The city's demographics have changed due to a combination of rising housing prices associated with gentrification and with blacks relocating to better housing in Bay Area suburbs or moving to the Southern United States in a reverse migration, where conditions are considered to have improved. In the early 1960s, the Ad Hoc Committee carried out a series of protests throughout the Bay Area demanding an end to racism in hiring. Oakland International Airport, within Oakland's city limits, is 4 mi (6.4 km) south of downtown Oakland and serves domestic and international destinations. 5 May 1970: A man at the University of California, Berkeley, throws a tear gas canister at police during a student strike to protest against the killing of four students at Kent State University. Oakland currently has professional teams in three sports: baseball, soccer, indoor football. [29] The majority of the Chinese migrants lived in unhealthy conditions in China and they often had diseases, so plague spread into San Francisco even though the Chinese were thoroughly inspected for diseases upon their arrival to San Francisco.[29]. [92] The majority of Hispanics self-identify as Other Race (65.9%) with the remainder choosing White (22.9%), Multiracial (6.9%), Black (1.6%), American Indian and Alaskan Native (2.0%), Asian (0.5%), and Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (0.3%). Jean Quan was elected mayor in November 2010, beating Don Perata and Rebecca Kaplan in the city's first ranked choice balloting. In the hills, the Leimert Bridge crosses Dimond Canyon, connecting the Oakmore neighborhood to Park Boulevard. OAKLAND, Calif. - Local community leaders and activists are protesting the death of George Floyd, a black man who died while in police custody in … The 6.9 Mw Loma Prieta earthquake occurred on October 17, 1989. With the loss of life and an estimated economic loss of US$1.5 billion, this was the worst urban firestorm in American history, until 2017. In 2007, the Oakland Tribune moved its offices from the tower to an East Oakland location, before folding in 2011.[194]. There were 169,710 housing units at an average density of 2,175.7 per square mile (840.0/km2), of which 153,791 were occupied, of which 63,142 (41.1%) were owner-occupied, and 90,649 (58.9%) were occupied by renters. However, the Chinese struggled to settle because they were discriminated against by the white community and their living quarters were burned down on several occasions. The East Bay Express, a locally owned free weekly paper, is based in Jack London Square and distributed throughout the East Bay. The late 1960s and early ’70s were a period of intense innovation in poster design, from psychedelic music posters to political protest posters. Sunny, drier slopes are grassy or covered in scattered oaks and chaparral brush. One of the earlier limitations to growth was the inability to transfer containers to rail lines, all cranes historically operating between ocean vessels and trucks. Its position on San Francisco Bay across from the Bay Bridge means the northern part of the city can have cooling maritime fog. Males had a median income of US$50,140 versus US$50,304 for females. moves to stem African American exodus", "Melting Pot Cities and Suburbs: Racial and Ethnic Change in Metro America in the 2000s", "Nation Sees Effects of 'Day Without Immigrants, "2000 Census information on Gay and Lesbian Couples, by Incorporated place Incorporated place, by highest percentage", "Gentrification and Disinvestment 2020 Â» NCRC", "Oakland, S.F. "[27], During the 1850s—just as gold was discovered in California—Oakland started growing and further developing because land was becoming too expensive in San Francisco. ... David Armor saw this split coming all the way back in 1960… As of 2013[update], for example, over half the students at Hillcrest Elementary School in the Montclair upper hills neighborhood performed at the "advanced" level in the English portion of the test, and students at Lincoln Elementary School in the Chinatown neighborhood performed at the "advanced" level in the math portion.[188]. [69][70], African-Americans dropped to 28% of Oakland's population in 2010, from nearly half in 1980, due to fast-rising rents and an extreme housing crisis in the region. [55], As in many other American cities during the 1980s, crack cocaine became a serious problem in Oakland. The group, calling themselves Moms 4 Housing, said their goal was to protest what they said was a large number of vacant houses in Oakland owned by redevelopment companies while the city experienced a housing crisis. [84] Oakland's climate is typified by the temperate and seasonal Mediterranean climate. In the East Bay, more than 1,000 demonstrators, many of them families and most carrying signs, marched from the Rockridge BART Station in North Oakland into Berkeley in a protest … AC Transit provides 24-hour service to the airport, and BART's Coliseum–Oakland International Airport automated guideway transit line provides frequent service between the airport and Oakland Coliseum station. [117] The number was higher for individual low-income communities, with 96% of Native American households in neighborhoods that either experienced gentrification or were at risk of being gentrified, followed by Latino households at 94%, Black households at 92%, and Asian or Pacific Islander households at 88%. "[198], Bus transit service in Oakland and the inner East Bay is provided by the Alameda and Contra Costa Transit District, AC Transit. [48] Durant Field was often called Oakland Airport, though the current Oakland International Airport was soon established four miles (6.4 km) to the southwest. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 4.27 inches (108 mm) on February 12, 1904. In 2008, homicides were concentrated: 72% occurred in three City Council districts, District 3 in West Oakland and Districts 6 and 7 in East Oakland, although these districts have 44% of Oakland's residents. [67], Due to allegations of misconduct by the Oakland Police Department, the City of Oakland has paid claims for a total of US$57 million during the 2001–2011 timeframe to plaintiffs claiming police abuse; this is the largest sum paid by any city in California. As of 2015[update] there are 48,181 K–12 students; among division-run schools, there are 4,600 plus employees. Oakland has 19 miles (31 km) of shoreline,[79] but Radio Beach is the only beach in Oakland. The committee was formed on May 22, 1965 during a two-day-long protest of the Vietnam War on the Berkeley campus. On October 20, 1991, a massive firestorm swept down from the Berkeley/Oakland hills above the Caldecott Tunnel. "WWII meant opportunity for many women, oppression for others", UNITED STATES, v. NATIONAL CITY LINES, Inc., et al.—186 F.2d 562—AltLaw, "From Horses to Hybrid: A Century of East Bay Transport", "Jerry Brown's No-Nonsense New Age for Oakland", "Oakland Museum of CA celebrates 50th anniversary of Black Panthers", "Bay Area Census – City of Oakland – 1970–1990 Census data", "Some faults revealed by firestorm remain uncorrected", "On the road to economic success, where we work", "Inflating the Numbers, The Brown administration came very close on the 10K Plan. [206] Oakland requires these operators to educate users on the correct and safe use of scooters, to distribute the scooters equitably throughout the city, to ensure accessibility, and to provide insurance and indemnification.[207]. The march occurred on November 21, 1965. [122], The Port of Oakland was an early innovator/pioneer in the technologies of Intermodal Containerized Shipping. Crime Trends in the City of Oakland: A 25-Year Look (1987–2012). The Raiders left Oakland for Los Angeles in 1982, where they won a third Super Bowl championship and returned to Oakland in 1995. The city's expensive electric streetcar fleet was converted to the cheaper diesel buses. There were 83,718 families (54.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.27. At the time, the GOP was more moderate than it has become in the 21st century, and some members belonged to a progressive tradition across the Northern Tier of states. Historically, the city was served by several train companies, which terminated in different terminals. He writes in Chicanos in California, "They lost everything when squatters cut down their fruit trees, killed their cattle, destroyed their buildings, and even fenced off the roads leading to the rancho. In 2020, the Oakland Panthers of the Indoor Football League will begin play. On February 1, 1960, four college students in Greensboro, North Carolina challenged Woolworth's policy against allowing African Americans to eat at the lunch counter with a sit-in. [111][112], As of 2020, the San Francisco-Oakland Metro shows indications of having the greatest intensity of gentrification nationally, with over 31% of eligible neighborhoods gentrifying. Two years later, on March 25, 1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland. The demand for more minority employees in local businesses in the Bay Area was fueled by the huge increase in African Americans in California following World War II. Subsequent battle for control over the lucrative narcotics trade incited gang conflicts and violence, with shootings becoming a regular occurrence. There are also several community health centers in Oakland. The population was spread out, with 83,120 people (21.3%) under the age of 18, 36,272 people (9.3%) aged 18 to 24, 129,139 people (33.1%) aged 25 to 44, 98,634 people (25.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 43,559 people (11.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. Its New Neighbors Are a Little Worried", "Uber Filed an $8m Building Permit for Its New Oakland Headquarters", "Tenant spillover from San Francisco to the East Bay tops 300,000 square feet", "City of Oakland, California: Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Year Ended June 30, 2020", "Hotel Demand Thriving in three secondary U.S. markets", "Recovery Momentum picks up outside major markets", "Travel" The top 5 things to do in California", "The Official Travel and Tourism Website of the United States", "Top 25 Cities for Designers and Artists", "From the dept. This gathering became the first meeting of the Tri-City Rotary Club, renamed in 1911 The Rotary Club of Oakland, the third Rotary Club in the world. Gentrifying neighborhoods showed significant increases in median home value, median household income, percentage of college educated residents, but also in economic inequality. [97] The unemployment rate as of December 2013 was 9.7%. In addition, the city participated in large development and urban renewal projects, concentrated especially in the downtown area, at the Port of Oakland, and at the Oakland International Airport. In fact, on May 2, 1967, a group of 30 Black Panthers walked into the California state Capitol building, toting rifles and shotguns and quickly garnering national headlines. Oaklandnet.com Oakland Higher Education Consortium. (The building still exists, but like the rest of the Bay Area, it has shifted northwest perhaps 0.6 meters in the last twenty years.). Santa Fe trains terminated at its Oakland depot, actually located within the city limits of Emeryville at 40th and San Pablo. In 1991, the City Hall tower was at 37°48′19″N 122°16′21″W / 37.805302°N 122.272539°W / 37.805302; -122.272539 (NAD83). Oakland is also part of Alameda County, for which the Government of Alameda County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution, California law, and the Charter of the County of Alameda. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the western terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. The racial makeup of Oakland was 134,925 (34.5%) White (non-Hispanic White 25.9%), 129,471 (28.0%) African American, 3,040 (0.8%) Native American, 65,811 (16.8%) Asian (8.7% Chinese, 2.2% Vietnamese, 1.6% Filipino, 0.7% Cambodian, 0.7% Laotian, 0.6% Korean, 0.5% Japanese, 0.5% Indian, 0.1% Mongolian), 2,222 (0.6%) Pacific Islander (0.3% Tongan), 53,378 (13.7%) from other races, and 21,877 (5.6%) from two or more races. Originating in Oakland, Kaiser Permanente is an HMO started in 1942, during World War II, by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser to provide medical care for Kaiser Shipyards workers. The Peraltas had no choice but to abandon the homesite they had occupied for two generations. As a result of Loma Prieta, a significant seismic retrofit was performed on the western span of the Bay Bridge. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 8.5%. In the 1960s, the majority of voters began to favor liberal policies and the Democratic Party. The 10k Plan, which began during former mayor Elihu Harris' administration, and intensified during former mayor Jerry Brown's administration resulted in several thousand units of new multi-family housing and development. [152] The Oakland Roots SC are a soccer team that was formed in 2018. In the 1980s, the Port of Oakland began the evaluation of development of an intermodal container transfer capability, i.e., facilities that now allow trans-loading of containers from vessels to either trucks or rail modes.[209]. [134] Both Oakland and San Francisco were forecasted to experience the highest increases in ADR (Average daily rate). The quote is sometimes misconstrued to refer to Oakland as a whole. [93] 37.9% of residents over 25 years of age have bachelor's degree or higher. 18.1% of the population were of Mexican descent, 1.9% Salvadoran, 1.3% Guatemalan, and 0.7% Puerto Rican. The Alameda / Oakland Ferry operates ferry service from Jack London Square to Alameda, Oracle Park, Pier 41, the San Francisco Ferry Building, and the South San Francisco Ferry Terminal. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 99,068 persons (25.4%). Of those, 159,771 (65.2%) are registered Democrats, 9,544 (3.9%) are registered Republicans, and 65,416 (26.7%) have declined to state a political party. Oakland is served by major television stations broadcasting primarily out of San Francisco and San Jose. [203] Facilities for parking thousands of bicycles have been installed downtown and in other commercial districts throughout Oakland. [49], During World War II, the East Bay Area was home to many war-related industries. The median age was 36.2 years. Oakland experienced an increase of both its population and of land values in the early-to-mid first decade of the 21st century. The rupture was related to the San Andreas fault system and affected the entire San Francisco Bay Area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). However, Black Americans still form the 2nd largest racial group. The city is also home to several major corporations including Kaiser Permanente, Clorox, and Dreyer's ice cream. Oakland's territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. They also appeared in Super Bowl II in 1967 and Super Bowl XXXVII in 2002. Prior to 1960, there had been successful government-funded social programs whereby rebellious teens were enrolled in youth centers that would teach them proper values and improve their behavior. During this era, the oldest section of Oakland at the foot of Broadway, Jack London Square, was redeveloped into a hotel and outdoor retail district. [9] In the United States House of Representatives, Oakland is in California's 13th congressional district, represented by Democrat Barbara Lee.[10]. Other Oakland public high schools include Castlemont High School, Fremont High School, and McClymonds High School, briefly known as Castlemont Community of Small Schools, Fremont Federation of High Schools, and McClymonds Educational Complex, respectively. Alta Bates Summit Medical Center, an East Bay hospital system, maintains its Summit Campus in the neighborhood known as "Pill Hill" north of downtown. [23] Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the city's population, increasing its housing stock, and improving its infrastructure. [71], The city inspected many warehouses and live/work spaces after a fire broke out in the Ghost Ship warehouse, killing 36 people in 2016. [176], The number of Oakland Police Department officers has varied from a low of 626 (in 1996 and in 2012) to a high of 814 (in 2002). Two underwater tunnels, the Webster and Posey Tubes, connect the main island of Alameda to downtown Oakland, coming above ground in Chinatown. Oakland is served by several major highways: Eastbound Bay Bridge traffic entering Oakland then splits into three freeways at the MacArthur Maze freeway interchange: Interstate 580 (MacArthur Freeway) heads southeast toward Hayward and eventually to the California Central Valley; Interstate 880 (Nimitz Freeway) runs south to San Jose; and the Eastshore Freeway (Interstate 80/I-580) runs north, providing connections to Sacramento and San Rafael, respectively. [31] During this time, Oakland had 75–100 inhabitants, two hotels, a wharf, two warehouses, and only cattle trails. [61], In 1980 Oakland's black population reached its 20th-century peak at approximately 47% of the overall city population.[62]. [162][163] Oakland has the second highest percentage of registered Democrats of any of the incorporated cities in Alameda County, with Berkeley coming in first. The Warriors announced in April 2014 that they would leave Oakland once their new arena was built across the Bay in San Francisco. Oakland, California, 1916–1938", "Photo collection: 'New or greatly enlarged industrial establishments of Oakland and East Bay cities.' Oakland City Hall was evacuated after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake until US$80M seismic retrofit and hazard abatement work was complete in 1995. 0.7% of the population is homeless. 'Cal State launches centers in Oakland. On November 28, 2018, the Athletics announced plans to build a new ballpark at Howard Terminal, set to open in 2023. On November 27, 1908 Homer took a ferry across the bay in a driving rainstorm and met for lunch with Frank and twenty three other businessmen at the Hotel Metropole at 13th and Jefferson. At the time of incorporation in 1852, Oakland had consisted of the territory that lay south of today's major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The lands became Carpentier's when Peralta refused to repay the loan he believed was fraudulently incurred. State Route 13 begins as the Warren Freeway at I-580, and runs through a scenic valley in the Montclair District before entering Berkeley. For months my boss told me that she believed the Oakland Tribune … The various streetcar companies operating in Oakland were acquired by Francis "Borax" Smith and consolidated into what eventually became known as the Key System, the predecessor of today's publicly owned AC Transit. The racial harmony Oakland blacks had been accustomed to prior to the war evaporated. [201][200] From 1999 to 2007, the city installed 900 bike racks throughout Oakland, accommodating over 2,000 bicycles. [25] Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons. [66] Brown's plan and other redevelopment projects were controversial due to potential rent increases and gentrification, which would displace lower-income residents from downtown Oakland into outlying neighborhoods and cities. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, a stream that enters the San Francisco Bay at Emeryville. The grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. With a population of 433,031 as of 2019[update],[19] it serves as a trade center for the San Francisco Bay Area; its Port of Oakland is the busiest port in the San Francisco Bay, the entirety of Northern California, and the fifth busiest in the United States of America. [63][64], During the mid-1990s, Oakland's economy began to recover as it transitioned to new types of jobs. Many immigrants have settled in the city. [30] In 1852, the Town of Oakland was incorporated by the state legislature. It is a designated Level I pediatric trauma center and the only independent children's hospital in Northern California. At these ports inspected over a thousand vessels per year population expanded with factory workers canning was. 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