Louis XIV ordered the surprise destruction of a Flemish city to divert the attention of these troops. Louis also sought Strasbourg, an important strategic crossing on the left bank of the Rhine and theretofore a Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire, annexing it and other territories in 1681. Under pressure from his German wife, Maria Anna of Neuburg, Charles II named the Archduke Charles as his sole heir. Following these annexations, Spain declared war, precipitating the War of the Reunions. Louis, however, struck more than 300 to celebrate the story of the king in bronze, that were enshrined in thousands of households throughout France. This portrayal of the monarch was to be found in numerous media of artistic expression, such as painting, sculpture, theatre, dance, music, and the almanacs that diffused royal propaganda to the population at large. [15], The Frondeurs, political heirs of the disaffected feudal aristocracy, sought to protect their traditional feudal privileges from the increasingly centralized royal government. Philip, Duke of Anjou, thus became Philip V, King of Spain. Despite military defeat, his ally Sweden regained much of their losses under the 1679 treaties of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Fontainebleau and Lund imposed on Denmark-Norway and Brandenburg.[38]. Moreover, a mob of angry Parisians broke into the royal palace and demanded to see their king. [104] At other times, he would adopt mundane roles before appearing at the end in the lead role. Louis XIV became king at the age of four. Louis secured permanent French sovereignty over all of Alsace, including Strasbourg, and established the Rhine as the Franco-German border (as it is to this day). He was a king for 72 years. This led to the bombardment of Brussels, in which more than 4,000 buildings were destroyed, including the entire city-center. The memoirist Saint-Simon speculated that Louis viewed Versailles as an isolated power center where treasonous cabals could be more readily discovered and foiled. Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638 in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, to Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. He taught his diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military. On the death of Mazarin, in March 1661, Louis assumed personal control of the reins of government and astonished his court by declaring that he would rule without a chief minister: "Up to this moment I have been pleased to entrust the government of my affairs to the late Cardinal. By the end of the 17th century, … [113] Orléans, however, had Louis' will annulled by the Parlement of Paris after his death and made himself sole regent. Conseil royal des finances ("Royal Council of Finances") who was headed by the "chef du conseil des finances" (an honorary post in most cases)—this was one of the few posts in the council that was opened to the high aristocracy. It follows the Bourbon, Kings of France, and the Counts of Paris and Worms. He had been king for 72 years, the longest reign in the history of France. On the other hand, there are historians who view this as an exaggeration. Before this happened, Louis expected William's expedition to England to absorb his energies and those of his allies, so he dispatched troops to the Rhineland after the expiry of his ultimatum to the German princes requiring confirmation of the Truce of Ratisbon and acceptance of his demands about the succession crises. He was devoted to the soldiers' material well-being and morale, and even tried to direct campaigns. Pre-revolutionary France was a patchwork of legal systems, with as many legal customs as there were provinces, and two co-existing legal traditions—customary law in the north and Roman civil law in the south. The clear demonstration of French military superiority for many decades before this time, the pro-French faction at the court of Spain, and even Pope Innocent XII convinced him that France was more likely to preserve his empire intact. The sheer number of performances he gave as well as the diversity of roles he played may serve to indicate a deeper understanding and interest in the art form. In addition to portraits, Louis commissioned at least 20 statues of himself in the 1680s, to stand in Paris and provincial towns as physical manifestations of his rule. Based on extensive medical records and the memoirs of the Duke of Saint-Simon and other courtiers, The Death of Louis XIV is a wry neoclassical chamber drama, a work of pure magic by Albert Serra, one of today s most singular directors. [51] For this purpose, an elaborate court ritual was created wherein the king became the centre of attention and was observed throughout the day by the public. Tapestries could be allegorical, depicting the elements or seasons, or realist, portraying royal residences or historical events. [12] She left the direction of the daily administration of policy to Cardinal Mazarin. I order you not to sign anything, not even a passport . [30] The marriage treaty specified that Maria Theresa was to renounce all claims to Spanish territory for herself and all her descendants. [120], Nonetheless, Louis has also received praise. The expenditure was around 18 million pounds, leaving a deficit of 8 million. Louis XIV became king at the age of four. Unsurprisingly, the pope repudiated the Declaration.[4]. Louis began his personal rule of France in 1661, after the death of his chief minister, the Cardinal Mazarin. On August 9th 1715, the Sun King, Europe's longest reigning monarch, returned from a hunt pushed over rough terrain in a wheelchair. Philippe II governed from his residence in the Palais-Royal and moved the young king into the Tuileries. Shortly thereafter, the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia allowed Condé's army to return to aid Louis and his court. The Death of Louis XIV began as an instillation piece. Louis maintained the strength of his army, but in his next series of territorial claims avoided using military force alone. Though in some respects the Treaty of Ryswick may appear a diplomatic defeat for Louis since he failed to place client rulers in control of the Palatinate or the Electorate of Cologne, he did in fact fulfill many of the aims laid down in his 1688 ultimatum. Later, after 1700, the French ministers who were supported by Louis' secret wife Madame De Maintenon, were able to convince the king to change his fiscal policy. This line can be traced back more than 1,200 years from Robert of Hesbaye to the present day, through Kings of France & Navarre, Spain and Two-Sicilies, Dukes of Parma and Grand-Dukes of Luxembourg, Princes of Orléans and Emperors of Brazil. He judged that royal authority thrived more surely by filling high executive and administrative positions with these men because they could be more easily dismissed than nobles of ancient lineage, with entrenched influence. The anti-Bourbon Napoleon described him not only as "a great king", but also as "the only King of France worthy of the name". If the Duke of Berry declined it, it would go to the Archduke Charles, then to the distantly related House of Savoy if Charles declined it.[79]. Colbert's mercantilist administration established new industries and encouraged manufacturers and inventors, such as the Lyon silk manufacturers and the Gobelins manufactory, a producer of tapestries. Leopold viewed French expansion into the Rhineland as an increasing threat, especially after their seizure of the strategic Duchy of Lorraine in 1670. https://www.biography.com/video/louis-xiv-death-legacy-22729283779 He is often seen as the typical example of absolutism. King Louis XIV was the Sun King as he preferred to be referred to, as he believed he was sent by God personally to rule France. [52] He encouraged leading nobles to live at Versailles. His reign from the age of 4 in 1643 up until his death at the age of 76 in 1715 makes him the longest-serving monarch not only in the history of France but in all Europe. In 1679, he dismissed his foreign minister Simon Arnauld, marquis de Pomponne, because he was seen as having compromised too much with the allies. To be of the ‘Marlys’, meaning to be one of few allowed to follow the King to his ‘summer house’ was a thing sought by many and only achieved by few. On September 1, 1715, a few days before what would have been his 77th birthday, Louis XIV died of gangrene in Versailles, France. During the Eighty Years' War with Spain, France supported the Dutch Republic as part of a general policy of opposing Habsburg power. While Mazarin might have been tempted for a short period of time to marry his niece to the King of France, Queen Anne was absolutely against this; she wanted to marry her son to the daughter of her brother, Philip IV of Spain, for both dynastic and political reasons. He thus offered the entire empire to the Dauphin's second son Philip, Duke of Anjou, provided it remained undivided. [42] Then, in 1682, after the reception of the Moroccan embassy of Mohammed Tenim in France, Moulay Ismail, Sultan of Morocco, allowed French consular and commercial establishments in his country. Impelled "by a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique," Louis sensed that war was the ideal way to enhance his glory. His health had been in decline for years. On 14 May 1643, with Louis XIII dead, Queen Anne had her husband's will annulled by the Parlement de Paris (a judicial body comprising mostly nobles and high clergymen). The principle of cuius regio, eius religio generally had also meant that subjects who refused to convert could emigrate, but Louis banned emigration and effectively insisted that all Protestants must be converted. Copy link. By 1 May, though, his condition seemed stable. The Fronde thus gradually lost steam and ended in 1653, when Mazarin returned triumphantly from exile. He was a king for 72 years. [18] "In one sense, Louis' childhood came to an end with the outbreak of the Fronde. Videos Louis XIV - Full Episode (TV-14; 42:55) Esthetically, The Death of Louis XIV is genius, and as mannered and opulent as the long, long reign of the Sun King himself. Info. [30] Mazarin and Lionne, however, made the renunciation conditional on the full payment of a Spanish dowry of 500,000 écus. The heart is buried at the Église Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis on Rue Saint-Antoine in Paris, a church that contained the monuments for the hearts of Louis XIII and Louis XIV … Pastors could choose either exile or a secular life. The wound took more than two months to heal. [89] The king was, at first, put off by her strict religious practice, but he warmed to her through her care for his children. Although the Genoese submitted, and the Doge led an official mission of apology to Versailles, France gained a reputation for brutality and arrogance. Among other things, it prescribed baptismal, marriage and death records in the state's registers, not the church's, and it strictly regulated the right of the Parlements to remonstrate. Additionally, in the colonies, only Roman Catholics could own slaves, and these had to be baptised. This aristocratic coalition was strong enough to liberate the princes, exile Mazarin, and impose a condition of virtual house arrest on Queen Anne. He may have been seeking to placate Pope Innocent XI, with whom relations were tense and whose aid was necessary to determine the outcome of a succession crisis in the Electorate of Cologne. In 1660, Louis had married Philip IV's eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, as one of the provisions of the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees. Later, the Battle of Ramillies delivered the Low Countries to the Allies, and the Battle of Turin forced Louis to evacuate Italy, leaving it open to Allied forces. Numerous quotes have been attributed to Louis XIV by legend. A new reign, which would be almost as long (1715-1774), was about to begin: that of Louis XV. Europeans generally began to emulate French manners, values, goods, and deportment. The duo allowed the Palatinate and Austria to occupy Bavaria after their victory at the Battle of Blenheim. The earliest portrayals of Louis already followed the pictorial conventions of the day in depicting the child king as the majestically royal incarnation of France. Most European rulers accepted Philip as king, some reluctantly. This anticipated the formation of the 1658 League of the Rhine, leading to the further diminution of Imperial power. In 2015, 77 years later a few towns marked the 300th anniversary of the monarch’s death, for instance: Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Maisons … On 8 May the disease reached … During these difficult times, the Palace needs your support more than ever. However, Rigaud's intention was to glorify the monarchy. To this very day, no document has been discovered that proves the whole thing, yet it is accepted to have happened by historians all over word. The Death of Louis XIV. Anne imprisoned any aristocrat or member of parliament who challenged her will; her main aim was to transfer to her son an absolute authority in the matters of finance and justice. He invited manufacturers and artisans from all over Europe to France, such as Murano glassmakers, Swedish ironworkers, and Dutch shipbuilders. Majestic royal funerals were subject to ceremonial which was regulated like clockwork. Between 1693 and 1710, over two million people died in two famines, made worse as foraging armies seized food supplies from the villages. [108], Besides the official depiction and image of Louis, his subjects also followed a non-official discourse consisting mainly of clandestine publications, popular songs, and rumors that provided an alternative interpretation of Louis and his government. After striking a deal with her old friend Marie de Rohan, who was able to impose the nomination of Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf as minister of justice, Anne arrested Condé, his brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, and the husband of their sister Anne Genevieve de Bourbon, duchess of Longueville. Those Protestants who had resisted conversion were now to be baptised forcibly into the established church. The old military aristocracy (the Noblesse d'épée, or "nobility of the sword") ceased to have a monopoly over senior military positions and rank. [67] Emperor Leopold I's persistent refusal to convert the Truce of Ratisbon into a permanent treaty fed Louis's fears that the Emperor would turn on France and attack the Reunions after settling his affairs in the Balkans. Sadly Louis had had to deal with the deaths of all but two of his direct descendant, only his grandson Philip V of Spain and a great-grandson, his own successor, Louis XV outlived the Sun King . While pharmacology was still quite rudimentary in his day, the Invalides pioneered new treatments and set new standards for hospice treatment. Louis began his personal reign with administrative and fiscal reforms. For example, he patronised the arts, encouraged industry, fostered trade and commerce, and sponsored the founding of an overseas empire. [89], When he legitimized his children by Madame de Montespan on 20 December 1673, Françoise d'Aubigné became the royal governess at Saint-Germain. In 1661, the receipts were equivalent to 26 million British pounds, of which 10 million reached the treasury. This was the longest recorded rule of any European monarch.He is often seen as the typical example of absolutism.He was the older of two brothers the other being Philippe. He brought the Académie Française under his patronage and became its "Protector". August 1715. The interest on the debt was reduced from 52 million to 24 million livres. [103], Louis loved ballet and frequently danced in court ballets during the early half of his reign. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history. The Sun King as Louis XIV is often referred to created a model for absolutism, made France Europe's leading political and military … [46] Furthermore, Louis' librarian and translator Arcadio Huang was Chinese.[47][48]. However, Louis was so pleased with the work that he kept the original and commissioned a copy to be sent to his grandson. 3.7 out of 5 stars 19 ratings. Fouquet was charged with embezzlement. Warfare defined Louis's foreign policy and his personality shaped his approach. These historians also emphasise the effect of Louis' wars in expanding France's boundaries and creating more defensible frontiers that preserved France from invasion until the Revolution.[116]. The Treaty of Ryswick ended the War of the League of Augsburg and disbanded the Grand Alliance. Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, France's leading military strategist, warned Louis in 1689 that a hostile "Alliance" was too powerful at sea. Despite the image of a healthy and virile king that Louis sought to project, evidence exists to suggest that his health was not very good. Conseil de Conscience ("Council of Conscience", concerning religious affairs and episcopal appointments). [99] The impact of this victory won the support of Portugal and Savoy. Cities and territories, such as Luxembourg and Casale, were prized for their strategic positions on the frontier and access to important waterways. Buoyed by the victory of Louis, duc d’Enghien (later known as le Grand Condé) at the Battle of Lens, Mazarin, on Queen Anne's insistence, arrested certain members in a show of force. As the Thirty Years' War came to an end, a civil war known as the Fronde (after the slings used to smash windows) erupted in France. His mother had experienced four stillbirths between 1619 and 1631. Britain gained the most from the treaty, but the final terms were much more favourable to France than those being discussed in peace negotiations in 1709 and 1710. Henriette, Duchesse d’Orléans, the sister-in-law of Louis XIV, took a drink of her usual chicory water and immediately clutched her side, crying out in pain. One of Louis' more infamous decrees was the Grande Ordonnance sur les Colonies of 1685, also known as the Code Noir ("black code"). without my command; to render account to me personally each day and to favor no one". In 1705, the Emperor Leopold I died. In Brabant (the location of the land in dispute), children of first marriages traditionally were not disadvantaged by their parents' remarriages and still inherited property. This major development in ballet played an important role in promoting French culture and ballet throughout Europe during Louis' time. Upon returning from a hunting expedition, King Louis XIV feels a sharp pain in his leg. This long-lasting and loving relationship can be evidenced by excerpts in Louis' journal entries, such as: "Nature was responsible for the first knots which tied me to my mother. The principal taxes included the aides and douanes (both customs duties), the gabelle (a tax on salt), and the taille (a tax on land). The Queen also gave a partial Catholic orientation to French foreign policy. During his childhood, he was taken care of by the governesses Françoise de Lansac and Marie-Catherine de Senecey. The system was outrageously unjust in throwing a heavy tax burden on the poor and helpless. Fagon, his doctor, diagnosed sciatica. The French film La mort de Louis XIV was shown in the U.S. with the translated title The Death of Louis XIV (2016). He danced four parts in three of Molière's comédies-ballets, which are plays accompanied by music and dance. He also enforced uniformity of religion under the Gallican Catholic Church. The War of the League of Augsburg, which lasted from 1688 to 1697, initiated a period of decline in Louis's political and diplomatic fortunes. The movie was co-written and directed by Albert Serra. This was felt by the Netherlands, France's Protestant ally, which negotiated a separate peace with Spain in 1648.[13]. [5] By 1695, France retained much of its dominance, but had lost control of the seas to England and Holland, and most countries, both Protestant and Catholic, were in alliance against it. [32], The Dutch opened talks with Charles II of England on a common diplomatic front against France, leading to the Triple Alliance, between England, the Dutch and Sweden. [118], Alternatively, Louis' critics attribute the social upheaval culminating in the French Revolution to his failure to reform French institutions while the monarchy was still secure. 2017. [106] In 1661, Royal of the Academy was founded by Louis to further his ambition. Over his lifetime, Louis commissioned numerous works of art to portray himself, among them over 300 formal portraits. Louis XIV. This was the longest recorded rule of any European monarch. [10] This action abolished the regency council and made Anne sole Regent of France. In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, followed the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the vast Mississippi basin in Louis' name, calling it Louisiane. [117] Europe came to admire France for its military and cultural successes, power, and sophistication. Anne interfered much more in internal policy than foreign affairs; she was a very proud queen who insisted on the divine rights of the King of France. What is certain is that reaction to the Edict was mixed. His health started to decline on 10 August 1715 upon his return from a hunting trip in Marly, when he felt sharp pains in his leg. It would be the last time he would be outside. [68], Another event Louis found threatening was England's Glorious Revolution of 1688. Anne kept the direction of religious policy strongly in her hand until 1661; her most important political decisions were to nominate Cardinal Mazarin as her chief minister and the continuation of her late husband's and Cardinal Richelieu's policy, despite their persecution of her, for the sake of her son. But the pain was always in the same place, and shortly afterwards black marks appeared, indicating senile gangrene. [60][61], Many historians have condemned the Edict of Fontainebleau as gravely harmful to France. Louis XIV, the Sun King. He also used tapestries as a medium of exalting the monarchy. All the details and rules were compressed in five positions of the bodies codified by Beauchamp. Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (le Roi Soleil), was King of France from 14 May 1643 until his death in 1715. [78] Charles II acknowledged that his empire could only remain undivided by bequeathing it entirely to a Frenchman or an Austrian. The final phases of the War of the Spanish Succession demonstrated that the Allies could not maintain the Archduke Charles in Spain just as surely as France could not retain the entire Spanish inheritance for Philip V. The Allies were definitively expelled from central Spain by the Franco-Spanish victories at the Battles of Villaviciosa and Brihuega in 1710. By the time of the Treaty of Ryswick, the Spanish succession had been a source of concern to European leaders for well over forty years. An exhibition on the death and funeral of the Sun King, 300 years after his death. Louis proved relatively more faithful to his second wife, Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon. He took a series of mistresses, both official and unofficial. Louis XV died, aged 64, on 10 May 1774, in the bedchamber of his Private Apartment. He taught his diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military.[5]. In peacetime he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He agreed that the entire Spanish empire should be surrendered to the Archduke Charles, and also consented to return to the frontiers of the Peace of Westphalia, giving up all the territories he had acquired over 60 years. In the case of Maria Theresa, nonetheless, the renunciation was considered null and void owing to Spain's breach of her marriage contract with Louis. In 1648 France was the leading European power, and most wars pivoted around its aggressiveness. Defeats, famine, and mounting debt greatly weakened France. [citation needed] France retained Île-Saint-Jean and Île Royale, and Louis acquired a few minor European territories, such as the Principality of Orange and the Ubaye Valley, which covered transalpine passes into Italy. It is considered that, at all times, he provided his roles with sufficient majesty and drew the limelight with his flair for dancing. Louis pressed her claims to land and chattels, hoping the latter, at least, would be given to her. "[71], Peace was broached by Sweden in 1690. [28] The Code Louis played an important part in French legal history as the basis for the Napoleonic code, from which many modern legal codes are, in turn, derived. With Fouquet dismissed, Colbert reduced the national debt through more efficient taxation. Moreover, the significant reduction in civil wars and aristocratic rebellions during his reign are seen by these historians as the result of Louis' consolidation of royal authority over feudal elites. You [he was talking to the secretaries and ministers of state] will assist me with your counsels when I ask for them. Although this was within his legal rights, the dragonnades inflicted severe financial strain on Protestants and atrocious abuse. During his visit from Rome, Bernini also executed a renowned portrait bust of the king. Six months later, Joseph Ferdinand died. I request and order you to seal no orders except by my command . The Dauphin would receive all of Spain's Italian territories. Anne and Mazarin had largely pursued the policies of Cardinal Richelieu, augmenting the Crown's power at the expense of the nobility and the Parlements. Following Louis XIV’s death, his 5-year-old great-grandson, Louis XV, who was the last male heir of the Duc de Bourgogne, inherited the throne. By the early 1680s, Louis had greatly augmented French influence in the world. "[8], It was his mother who gave Louis his belief in the absolute and divine power of his monarchical rule.[9]. For his part, Voltaire saw Louis' vanity as the cause for his bellicosity: It is certain that he passionately wanted glory, rather than the conquests themselves. 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