On April 14, 2003, the 2003 John McDonogh High School shooting occurred at John McDonogh High School. Windows blew out of television station WWL while it was broadcasting. [251] In January 2016, New Orleans-based sweet shop Sucré approached United Cab with to deliver its king cakes locally on-demand. [167], A 2009 Travel + Leisure poll of "America's Favorite Cities" ranked New Orleans first in ten categories, the most first-place rankings of the 30 cities included. Armstrong International is the busiest airport in Louisiana and the only to handle scheduled international passenger flights. While there had been some use of this land for cow pasture and agriculture, the land was subject to frequent flooding, making what would otherwise be valuable land on the edge of a growing city unsuitable for development. They are named after the jazz music heritage of New Orleans and the spiritual hymn "When the Saints Go Marching In". [22] Greater New Orleans is the most populous metropolitan statistical area in Louisiana and the 45th-most populous MSA in the United States.[23]. Although a Spanish governor was in New Orleans, it was under the jurisdiction of the Spanish garrison in Cuba. At noon on the 25th, Farragut anchored in front of New Orleans. The Mercedes-Benz Superdome is the home of the Saints, the Sugar Bowl, and other prominent events. Population given for the City of New Orleans, not for Orleans Parish, before New Orleans absorbed suburbs and rural areas of Orleans Parish in 1874. [219], Academic and public libraries as well as archives in New Orleans include Monroe Library at Loyola University, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library at Tulane University,[220] the Law Library of Louisiana,[221] and the Earl K. Long Library at the University of New Orleans. history. By the end of the decade, the French made an encampment called "Port Bayou St. Jean" near the head of the bayou; this would later be known as the Faubourg St. John neighborhood. [citation needed]. New Orleans operates one of the world's largest and busiest ports and metropolitan New Orleans is a center of maritime industry. For example, New Orleans had seven elected tax assessors, each with their own staff, representing various districts of the city, rather than one centralized office. It acted autonomously in much of its cultural and physical aspects, but also stayed in communication with the foreign trends as well. Jewish settlers, primarily Sephardim, settled in New Orleans from the early nineteenth century. population at 69 percent of Pre-Katrina", "New Orleans post-Katrina population still growing, but at slower rate", "Longer View: Planning for the Rebuilding of New Orleans", "Study Sees Increase in Illegal Hispanic Workers in New Orleans", 'Sanctuary city' policy puts an end to NOPD's immigration enforcement, "Louisiana – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990", "American Community Survey 2018 Demographic and Housing Estimates", Hispanic population booms in Kenner and elsewhere in New Orleans area, New Orleans now home to thousands of Brazilians, "New Orleans Archdiocese (Catholic-Hierarchy)", "The Pearl of the Antilles and the Crescent City: Historic Maps of the Caribbean in the Latin American Library Map Collections", "The High Priestess of the French Quarter", "Congregation Beth Israel ends 7 years of Hurricane Katrina-induced wandering", "Members of the New Orleans Islamic community on high alert", "Ports of South Louisiana, New Orleans & Plaquemines Ranked #1, #4 & #11 in America | Greater New Orleans, Inc", "Greater New Orleans, Inc. | Regional Economic Alliance", "Overseas visitors to select U.S. cities/Hawaiian Islands 2001–2000", "New Orleans Media Information | Press Releases", "Travel + Leisure says New Orleans is tops for live music, cocktails and cheap eats", "Newsmax Magazine Rates the Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities And Towns", "Blanco okays Broadway South tax credit program", "New Orleans Street Foods, Snacks, & Sandwiches: Po' Boys, Oysters, Muffulettas, Beignets, Pralines", "The New Orleans VooDoo and the Arena Football League are returning", "Big Easy Rollergirls deliver bruising derby action", "Erroll Williams Elected CityWide Tax Assessor", "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections", "Violence thrives on lack of jobs, wealth of drugs", "Murders in New Orleans were slightly fewer in 2012 than in 2011", "Preliminary 1991 Figures Show Drop in Homicides", "Fed up, New Orleans looks to shake Murder City title", "Police now the usual suspects in New Orleans: Officers have been tied to killings, including serial slayings. An electric lighting system was introduced to the city in 1886; limited use of electric lights in a few areas of town had preceded this by a few years. The city became 63 percent black, a greater proportion than Charleston, South Carolina's 53 percent. [246] New Orleans has been recognized for its abundance of uniquely decorated and uniquely designed bicycles.[250]. New Orleans has many visitor attractions, from the world-renowned French Quarter to St. Charles Avenue, (home of Tulane and Loyola Universities, the historic Pontchartrain Hotel and many 19th-century mansions) to Magazine Street with its boutique stores and antique shops. [196] [208] The murder rate climbed 14% in 2011 to 57.88 per 100,000[209] rising to #21 in the world. French and German settlers, hoping to restore New Orleans to French control, forced the Spanish governor to flee to Spain in the bloodless Rebellion of 1768. Unlike some other municipalities, notably many in Texas, New Orleans is unable to annex adjacent suburban development. This gave the 19th-century city the shape of a crescent along a bend of the Mississippi, the origin of the nickname The Crescent City. Additionally, the city hosted Super Bowl XLVII. For structures in hazardous areas and residents who do not relocate, the committee recommended major floodproofing measures—such as elevating the first floor of buildings to at least the 100-year flood level. Several major tourist events and other forms of revenue for the city have returned. Two radio stations that were influential in promoting New Orleans-based bands and singers were 50,000-watt WNOE-AM (1060) and 10,000-watt WTIX (690 AM). In 2004, the hospitality industry employed 85,000 people, making it the city's top economic sector as measured by employment. In 1986, Sidney Barthelemy was elected mayor of the Crescent City; he was re-elected in spring of 1990, serving two terms. Some migrated from the communities established in the colonial years in Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia. In 1889, the legislature passed a constitutional amendment incorporating a "grandfather clause" that effectively disfranchised freedmen as well as the propertied people of color manumitted before the war. Its programming includes 20th century classical, reggae, jazz, showtunes, indie rock, electronic music, soul/funk, goth, punk, hip hop, New Orleans music, opera, folk, hardcore, Americana, country, blues, Latin, cheese, techno, local, world, ska, swing and big band, kids' shows, and news programming. Buy a Established & Profitable Chiropractic/MD Clinic in New Orleans LA Small Businesses For Sale in New Orleans, Louisiana. The people were told to be evacuated by Thursday, September 22, 2005 by 6:00 pm. Nevertheless, the revolution of 1874 is generally regarded as the independence day of Reconstruction, although not until President Hayes withdrew the troops in 1877 and the Packard government fell did the Democrats actually hold control of the state and city. The colonists turned to African slaves to make their investments in Louisiana profitable. Influenced by the Bible Belt's prominent Protestant population, New Orleans also has a sizable non-Catholic Christian demographic. The climate of New Orleans is humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa), with short, generally mild winters and hot, humid summers; most suburbs and parts of Wards 9 and 15 fall in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 9a, while the city's other 15 wards are rated 9b in whole. The Natchez, however, did not press on after their surprise attack, leaving them vulnerable enough for King Louis XV's appointed governor Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville to reclaim the settlement. Another engagement followed: a ten-day artillery battle at Fort St. Philip on the lower Mississippi River. The riots were stopped when a group of White businessmen quickly printed and nailed up flyers saying that if the rioting continued they would start passing out firearms to the black population for their self-defense. In 1836 the city was divided into three municipalities: the first being the French Quarter and Faubourg Tremé, the second being Uptown (then meaning all settled areas upriver from Canal Street), and the third being Downtown (the rest of the city from Esplanade Avenue on, downriver). [citation needed], Inability to find labor was the most pressing issue in the young colony. [21] The city and parish are bounded by St. Tammany Parish and Lake Pontchartrain to the north, St. Bernard Parish and Lake Borgne to the east, Plaquemines Parish to the south, and Jefferson Parish to the south and west. [43] Many of the white Francophones had been deported by officials in Cuba in retaliation for Bonapartist schemes. Officially, as measured at New Orleans International Airport, temperature records range from 11 to 102 °F (−12 to 39 °C) on December 23, 1989 and August 22, 1980, respectively; Audubon Park has recorded temperatures ranging from 6 °F (−14 °C) on February 13, 1899 up to 104 °F (40 °C) on June 24, 2009. Wartime damage to levees and cities along the Mississippi River adversely affected southern crops and trade. Spanish influence on the urban landscape in New Orleans may be attributed to the fact that the period of Spanish rule saw a great deal of immigration from all over the Atlantic, including Spain and the Canary Islands, and the Spanish colonies.[11]. In the early 1740s, Louisiana's governor, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, established elegant society balls, which became the model for the New Orleans Mardi Gras balls of today. [161] The region accounts for a significant portion of the nation's oil refining and petrochemical production, and serves as a white-collar corporate base for onshore and offshore petroleum and natural gas production. The paper made headlines of its own in 2012 when owner Advance Publications cut its print schedule to three days each week, instead focusing its efforts on its website, NOLA.com. [150] Catholicism is reflected in French and Spanish cultural traditions, including its many parochial schools, street names, architecture and festivals, including Mardi Gras. New Orleans is served by Interstate 10, Interstate 610 and Interstate 510. The population of the city doubled in the 1830s and by 1840 New Orleans had become the wealthiest and third-most populous city in the nation. [69] Though legal and civil equality were re-established by the end of the 1960s, a large gap in income levels and educational attainment persisted between the city's White and African American communities. While not commercially successful outside of the Deep South, bounce music was immensely popular in poorer neighborhoods throughout the 1990s. [132] More recently, the Census Bureau revised upward its 2008 population estimate for the city, to 336,644 inhabitants. [135][136] In Katrina's aftermath, city government commissioned groups such as Bring New Orleans Back Commission, the New Orleans Neighborhood Rebuilding Plan, the Unified New Orleans Plan, and the Office of Recovery Management to contribute to plans addressing depopulation. However, the Warehouse and the Central Business District are frequently called "Downtown" as a specific region, as in the Downtown Development District. [51] German and Irish immigrants began arriving in the 1840s, working as port laborers. [19], The population of the city doubled in the 1830s with an influx of settlers. The New Orleans Saints won Super Bowl XLIV in the 2009 NFL season, bringing hope and joy to the city still recovering from Hurricane Katrina. Its inhabitants traded across the French commercial system. In the 1890s much of the city's public transportation system, hitherto relying on mule-drawn streetcars on most routes supplemented by a few steam locomotives on longer routes, was electrified. Two-thirds of the more than one million slaves brought to the Deep South arrived via forced migration in the domestic slave trade. The city is the home to a single Fortune 500 company: Entergy, a power generation utility and nuclear power plant operations specialist. [184] The original city was composed of what are now the 1st through 9th wards. In 1909, the New Orleans Mint ceased coinage, with active coining equipment shipped to Philadelphia. Federal agencies and the Armed forces operate significant facilities there. Other large governmental installations include the U.S. Navy's Space and Naval Warfare (SPAWAR) Systems Command, located within the University of New Orleans Research and Technology Park in Gentilly, Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans; and the headquarters for the Marine Force Reserves in Federal City in Algiers. Its location as the southernmost major city on the Mississippi River has ensured its commercial importance and, up until the end of the Civil War, its strategic military value. Other Mississippi crossings are the Huey P. Long Bridge, carrying U.S. 90 and the Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge, carrying Interstate 310. A White mob started a race riot, terrorizing and killing a number of African Americans unconnected with Charles. "What You Need to Know About Katrina – and Don't – Why It Makes Economic Sense to Protect and Rebuild New Orleans". [3] In 1708, land grants along the Bayou were given to French settlers from Mobile, but the majority left within the next two years due to the failure of attempts to grow wheat there. This distinctive accent is dying out in the city, but remains strong in the surrounding parishes. It has two of the four Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) storage facilities: West Hackberry in Cameron Parish and Bayou Choctaw in Iberville Parish. Pierre Le Blond de Tour and Adrien de Pauger, for example, planned many early fortifications, along with the street plan for the city of New Orleans. LaToya Cantrell assumed the mayor's office in 2018. The American government managed to obtain early information of the enterprise and prepared to meet it with forces (regular, militia, and naval) under the command of Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson. Other major festivals include Southern Decadence, the French Quarter Festival, and the Tennessee Williams/New Orleans Literary Festival. The company began in New Orleans as McMoRan Oil & Gas, founded in 1969 by Moffett and partners Ken McWilliams and Mack Rankin. In the early 1740s traders from the Thirteen Colonies crossed into the Appalachian Mountains. [citation needed] The Jefferson Parish Department of Transit Administration[241] operates Jefferson Transit, which provides service between the city and its suburbs. New Orleans became a hotbed for funk music in the 1960s and 1970s, and by the late 1980s, it had developed its own localized variant of hip hop, called bounce music. "[54] The city had a role as the "primary commercial gateway for the nation's booming midsection. Mint.[226]. In 1917 the Department of the Navy ordered the Storyville District closed, over the opposition of Mayor Martin Behrman. [33], As a French colony, Louisiana faced struggles with numerous Native American tribes, one of which was the Natchez in southern Mississippi. A breach in the Industrial Canal produced catastrophic flooding of the city's Lower 9th Ward as well as the neighboring towns of Arabi and Chalmette in St. Bernard parish. It failed disastrously with a loss of 2,000 out of 9,000 British troops engaged, among the dead being Pakenham and Major-General Gibbs. [255], New Orleans ranks high among cities in terms of the percentage of working residents who commute by walking or bicycling. Papal visit of 1987. When combined with Port of New Orleans, it forms the 4th-largest port system in volume. Archaeological evidence has shown settlement here dated back to at least 400 A.D.[2]. The city experienced severe flooding in the May 8, 1995, Louisiana Flood when heavy rains suddenly dumped over a foot of water on parts of town faster than the pumps could remove the water. New Orleans is home to the Audubon Nature Institute (which consists of Audubon Park, the Audubon Zoo, the Aquarium of the Americas and the Audubon Insectarium), and home to gardens which include Longue Vue House and Gardens and the New Orleans Botanical Garden. The government of Italy protested, as some of those lynched were still Italian citizens, and the government of the U.S. eventually paid reparations to Italy.[31]. Companies with significant operations or headquarters in New Orleans include: Pan American Life Insurance, Pool Corp, Rolls-Royce, Newpark Resources, AT&T, TurboSquid, iSeatz, IBM, Navtech, Superior Energy Services, Textron Marine & Land Systems, McDermott International, Pellerin Milnor, Lockheed Martin, Imperial Trading, Laitram, Harrah's Entertainment, Stewart Enterprises, Edison Chouest Offshore, Zatarain's, Waldemar S. Nelson & Co., Whitney National Bank, Capital One, Tidewater Marine, Popeyes Chicken & Biscuits, Parsons Brinckerhoff, MWH Global, CH2M Hill, Energy Partners Ltd, The Receivables Exchange, GE Capital, and Smoothie King. The RTA lost 200+ buses in the flood. Proud of its French pedigree even after France cut the ties and sold Louisiana to America, New Orleans maintains a slew of French-influenced cultural and gastronomic traditions. The following timeline aims to contextualize what we mean when we say New Orleans was founded “in” 1718. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time. His title came from the French city of Orléans. The city successfully suppressed a final outbreak of yellow fever in 1905. The London Avenue Canal and the 17th Street Canal were breached by the elevated waters of Lake Pontchartrain. Later, the city implemented checkpoints during late night hours in problem areas. Whites displayed the bodies as a warning to intimidate the enslaved. New Orleans developed a distinctive local dialect that is neither Cajun English nor the stereotypical Southern accent that is often misportrayed by film and television actors. New Orleans is world-famous for its cuisine. Throughout New Orleans' history, until the early 20th century when medical and scientific advances ameliorated the situation, the city suffered repeated epidemics of yellow fever and other tropical and infectious diseases. [187] Arrested offenders in New Orleans are almost exclusively black males from impoverished communities: in 2011, 97% were black and 95% were male. Led by Brigadier General Daniel Ullman (1810–1892), of the 78th Regiment of New York State Volunteers Militia, they were known as the "Corps d'Afrique." New Orleans was vulnerable to flooding even before the city's footprint departed from the natural high ground near the Mississippi River. [70] The negative effects of these socioeconomic conditions aligned poorly with the changes in the late-20th century to the economy of the United States, which reflected a post-industrial, knowledge-based paradigm in which mental skills and education were more important to advancement than manual skills. Founded as a military-style grid of seventy squares in 1718 by French Canadian naval officer Jean Baptiste Bienville, the French Quarter of New Orleans has charted a … On the afternoon of Saturday, December 14, 1996, the M/V Bright Field freightliner/bulk cargo vessel slammed into the Riverwalk mall and hotel complex on the Poydras Street Wharf along the Mississippi River. [95] The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 53.4 °F (11.9 °C) in January to 83.3 °F (28.5 °C) in July and August. Captain D.G. Many Brazilians worked in skilled trades such as tile and flooring, although fewer worked as day laborers than did Latinos. Perhaps more visible than any other sector, New Orleans' tourist and convention industry is a $5.5 billion industry that accounts for 40 percent of city tax revenues. Evidence suggests that portions of the city may be dropping in elevation due to subsidence.[86]. Until then, urban development in New Orleans was largely limited to higher ground along the natural river levees and bayous. Ashkenazi Jews from eastern Europe immigrated in the late 19th and 20th centuries. Many bus routes connect the city and suburban areas. Uptown neighborhoods include the Warehouse District, the Lower Garden District, the Garden District, the Irish Channel, the University District, Carrollton, Gert Town, Fontainebleau and Broadmoor. The Natchez is an authentic steamboat with a calliope that cruises the length of the city twice daily. The library contains over 8,000 titles and is open to the public. With a relatively large educated black (including a self-described "Creole" or mixed-race) population that had long interacted with the white population, racial attitudes were comparatively liberal for the Deep South. The streetcar line to Desire Street became a bus line in 1948. The case found its way to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1896 as Plessy v. Ferguson. Retrocession to France and Louisiana Purchase, Early 19th century: a rapidly growing commercial center, Late 19th century: Reconstruction and conflict, Cindy Ermus, "Reduced to Ashes: The Good Friday Fire of 1788 in Spanish Colonial New Orleans,", Rebecca J. Scott, "Paper Thin: Freedom and Re-enslavement in the Diaspora of the Haitian Revolution,". Refugees, both white and free people of color (affranchis or gens de couleur libres), arrived in New Orleans, often bringing slaves with them. New Orleans experiences snowfall only on rare occasions. The federal government gave up and withdrew its troops in 1877, ending Reconstruction. An example of the New Orleans' sound in the 1960s is the #1 US hit "Chapel of Love" by the Dixie Cups, a song which knocked the Beatles out of the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100. New Orleans has the highest concentration of colleges and universities in Louisiana and one of the highest in the Southern United States. This entity later became known as the New Orleans Public Library. The piece cited the city's post-Katrina rebuilding effort as well as its efforts to become eco-friendly.[170]. Letters from their surnames combined to form the company’s name. Yet the department has helped slash the murder rate", "Business | U.S. In 1747 and 1748, the Chickasaw would raid along the east bank of the Mississippi all the way south to Baton Rouge. During the later years of Morrison's administration, and for the entirety of Schiro's, the city was a center of the Civil Rights Movement. [147] Among the Asian American community, the earliest Filipino Americans to live within the city arrived in the early 1800s. For much of its history, New Orleans' skyline displayed only low- and mid-rise structures. The first theatre in New Orleans was the French-language Theatre de la Rue Saint Pierre, which opened in 1792. A century after the Cotton Centennial Exhibition, New Orleans hosted another World's Fair, the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition. Much of the land in what had been the old back swamp has continued to slowly sink, and many of the neighborhoods developed after 1900 are now below sea level. Retrieved 2011-01-16. By the end of French colonization in Louisiana, New Orleans was recognized commercially in the Atlantic world. Much later in its musical development, New Orleans was home to a distinctive brand of rhythm and blues that contributed greatly to the growth of rock and roll. The importance of New Orleans as a commercial center was reinforced when the United States Federal Government established a branch of the United States Mint there in 1838, along with two other Southern branch mints at Charlotte, North Carolina, and Dahlonega, Georgia. New Orleans became increasingly dependent on tourism as an economic mainstay during the administrations of Sidney Barthelemy (1986–1994) and Marc Morial (1994–2002). The Orleans Parish Civil Sheriff's Office serves papers involving lawsuits and provides security for the Civil District Court and Juvenile Courts. Serving as a major port, New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States. Downtown neighborhoods include the French Quarter, Tremé, the 7th Ward, Faubourg Marigny, Bywater (the Upper Ninth Ward), and the Lower Ninth Ward. This number dropped to 7,000 after Hurricane Katrina, but rose again after efforts to incentivize the community's growth resulted in the arrival of about an additional 2,000 Jews. Another New Orleans specialty is the praline locally /ˈprɑːliːn/, a candy made with brown sugar, granulated sugar, cream, butter, and pecans. Damage to levees and cities along the Mississippi River adversely affected southern crops and trade for the port city for some time, as the government tried to restore infrastructure. [54] It had grown in wealth, with a "per capita income [that] was second in the nation and the highest in the South. An ordinance in 2006 established an Office of Inspector General to review city government activities. [85] The area along the river is characterized by ridges and hollows. Algiers, on the west bank of the Mississippi, was also annexed in 1870, becoming the 15th ward. In 1800 Spain and France signed the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso stipulating that Spain give Louisiana back to France, although it had to remain under Spanish control as long as France wished to postpone the transfer of power. Most streets in this area fan out from a central point. [194][195] Many had moved from Brazilian communities in the Northeastern United States, particularly Florida and Georgia. [21], By 1840, the city's population was approximately 102,000 and it was now the third-largest in the U.S, the largest city away from the Atlantic seaboard as well as the largest in the South.[22]. The Orleans Levee Board made only minimal perfunctory efforts in their assigned task of inspecting the city's vital defenses. The game went on as planned [68]. St. Charles Avenue is famed for its large antebellum homes. The area hosts 17 petroleum refineries, with a combined crude oil distillation capacity of nearly 2.8 million barrels per day (450,000 m3/d), the second highest after Texas. In January 2008 the New Orleans Brazilian population had a mid-range estimate of 3,000. Although rare, languages still spoken include Cajun, the Kreyol Lwiziyen spoken by the Creoles and an archaic Louisiana-Canarian Spanish dialect spoken by the Isleño people and older members of the population. In addition, many late 19th and early 20th century European immigrants, such as the Irish, some Germans, and Italians were Catholic. By 2008, estimated repopulation had topped 330,000. After seven years of holding services in temporary quarters, the congregation consecrated a new synagogue on land purchased from the Reform Congregation Gates of Prayer in Metairie.[158]. Glassman, James K., "New Orleans: I have Seen the Future, and It's Houston". On the morning of Sunday, August 28, Katrina was upgraded to a top-notched Category 5 hurricane. Following studies begun by the Drainage Advisory Board and the Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans in the 1890s, in the 1900s and 1910s engineer and inventor A. Baldwin Wood enacted his ambitious plan to drain the city, including large pumps of his own design that are still used when heavy rains hit the city. Only nine of the most fifty most populous cities had a higher percentage of commuters who walked or biked than did New Orleans in 2013. The disc jockeys are volunteers, many of them college students. Other points of interest can be found in the surrounding areas. An effort to drive them off lead to the Battle of the Head of Passes on 12 October 1861. After his troops had been assaulted and harassed in the streets by women still loyal to the Confederate cause, his order warned that such future occurrences would result in his men treating such women as those "plying their avocation in the streets", implying that they would treat the women like prostitutes. The bayou flowed into Lake Pontchartrain. [133], Katrina displaced 800,000 people, contributing significantly to the decline. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city's area is 350 square miles (910 km2), of which 169 square miles (440 km2) is land and 181 square miles (470 km2) (52%) is water. 2011-01-16. In 1872, lieutenant governor P.B.S. [79] Most recently, by July 2015, the population was back up to 386,617—80% of what it was in 2000.[80]. At last in the early morning of January 8, 1815 (after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed but before the news had reached across the Atlantic), a direct attack was made on the now strongly-entrenched line of defenders at Chalmette, near the Mississippi River. Claude streetcar line. Rita's impact, city by city. Nearly 90 percent of the new immigrants settled in New Orleans. 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