Bhd. The general position in Malaysia under Section 75 of the Contracts Act 1950 (Section 75) has always been that where there is a breach of contract, an innocent party cannot recover simpliciter the sum fixed in a damages clause regardless of whether it is stipulated as a penalty or liquidated damages. The Federal Court reconsidered the law on liquidated damages, and in doing so, noted that the relevant Indian and Malaysian statutory provisions were in pari materia, and referred approvingly to several Indian Supreme Court decisions including Fateh Chand v Balkishan Das 1963 AIR 1405 (“Fateh Chand”), Maula Bux v Union of India 1970 AIR 1955 (“ Maula Bax ”), and Kailash Nath Associates v Delhi Development Authority … For sellers, they provide a preset amount, usually the buyer's deposit money, in a timely manner if the buyer defaults. Therefore, an innocent party in a contract that has been breached cannot recover simpliciter the sum fixed in a damages clause whether as penalty or liquidated damages. Liquidated damages is calculated from day to day at the rate of 10% per annum of the purchase price as set out in the sale and purchase agreement from the expiry of the prescribed time for the developer to deliver vacant possession to the date the purchaser takes delivery of … (Appeal No. Bhd. Liquidated damages is calculated from day to day at the rate of 10% per annum of the purchase price as set out in the sale and purchase agreement from the expiry of the prescribed time for the developer to deliver vacant possession to the date the purchaser takes delivery of … the liability is only incurred as and when the actual amount of LAD is The Tribunal gave an award in favour of the purchaser for the liquidated ascertained damages of just over RM32,000.00. See [70]. A distinction was drawn between cases where (i) although the evidence disclosed a real loss which was inherently not too remote, it was difficult to assess damages, and (ii) cases where damages could be assessed. Once these two elements are established, the innocent party is entitled to receive compensation not exceeding the amount stipulated in the contract irrespective of whether actual damage or loss is proven. The effect of the decision was this. The dispute was between the property developer and the purchaser of a condominium. The various methods of measuring liquidated ascertained damages show that there are no certainties in measuring a genuine liquidated ascertained damage. Liquidated Damages, Penalties and Deposits 31 Mar 2020 (Tuesday) | 2:00 pm to 5:00 pm 2 CPD points Raja Aziz Addruse Auditorium Unit 2-02A, 2nd Floor, Wisma Badan Peguam Malaysia Leboh Pasar Besar 50050 Kuala Lumpur Organised by Bar Council Continuing Professional Development Department Registration Fees Title: Sample Letter of Demand for Liquidated Damages Created Date: 4/5/2004 9:08:00 AM Other titles: Sample Letter of Demand for Liquidated Damages Stepping down the main contract terms works well for most obligations, however attempting to pass down liability for LDs to subcontractors can be difficult. The purchase brought a claim against the developer before the Tribunal of Homebuyers Claims for damages for late delivery of the … We use cookies to improve your experience on our website. The Law on Deposits and Liquidated Damages. Liquidated damages are a commonplace feature of the contractual landscape in many jurisdictions. The whole idea of liquidated damages is that it is a pre-estimated amount which the parties have agreed shall be paid on the occurrence of some event. To find out more about the cookies we use and how to change your settings if you do not want cookies to be placed on your device, please read our, Shift in Position of Liquidated Damages in Malaysia, Industrials, Manufacturing & Transportation. Liquidated damages in construction contracts - Designing Buildings Wiki - Share your construction industry knowledge. Anecdotal evidence showed that the current practice in measuring liquidated damages in the Malaysia construction industry varies significantly and is at the discretion of the employers’ decision. The approaches in these two jurisdictions are also compared with that in Singapore, which differs in not having an equivalent statutory codification of its contract law. 7. The innocent party must prove the actual damage he has suffered unless his case falls under the limited situation where it is difficult to access actual damage or losses. The Tribunal decided that the 24 months for delivery of vacant possession commenced from the date on which the booking fee was paid and awarded the sum of RM12,353.76 to the 2nd and 3rd Respondents as liquidated ascertained damages. Malaysia’s apex court, the Federal Court, has decided on significant points of law relating to the right to forfeit deposits and the application of liquidated damages clauses. Concerning the implication of indirect taxes, both in the previous law and also the present GST law, there has always been an issue on the taxability of the liquidated damages, and the … liquidated damages and ascertain whether the amount of liquidated damages is a reasonable compensation or not. Developer to pay you liquidated damages (known as “LAD”) The damages are calculated on a day to day basis from the date you were supposed to receive the keys to the date you actually receive them The rate is 10% per annum of the purchase price of the house Liquidated damages are a fact of life when it comes to construction contracts. ... Malaysia, Australia. 02(f)-64-09/2016(W), 21 November 2018) sheds some light on this query, especially given the earlier Malaysian case law about liquidated damages. The Federal Court decision in the case of Selva Kumar Murugiah v Thiagarajah Retnasamy[1] ("Selva Kumar") on the scope of Section 75 of the Contracts Act 1950 ("S.75 CA")[2] had created much unrest in various industries, especially the construction industry in Malaysia. ), Continue reading your story in the magazine, PAYPAL TO ALLOW CRYPTOCURRENCIES AFTER OBTAINING A NEW YORK LICENSE. The liquidated damages clause will define the damages, and when the clause is activated, the client will deduct money from what they owe the contractor. His Lordship Richard Malanjum CJSS (as he then was) wrote the grounds of judgment of the Federal Court. Anecdotal evidence showed that the current practice in measuring liquidated damages in the Malaysia construction industry varies significantly and is at the discretion of the employers’ decision. For buyers, liquidated damage clauses limit their loss if they default. Learn about our Pacific Alliance initiative. What can you do in such a situation? After liquidated damages calculation, the client needs to document the method of calculation in case they ever need proof of calculations in court. The Public Ruling further states that the liability for LAD would only arise when payment becomes a fact, i.e. Subcontracts and liquidated damages To minimise exposure, many contractors will seek to enter into contracts with the subcontractors on substantially the same terms as their contract up the chain. Generally, contracts that involve the exchange of money or the promise of performance have a liquidated damages stipulation. (Appeal No. The High Court dismissed the judicial review application and the developer appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Federal Court examined closely the history of section 75 of the Contracts Act 1950, the appellate authorities in Malaysia, the appellate authorities from India as well as the UK Supreme Court decision in Cavendish. In your case is based on the date issuance of CCC and vacant possession Date (VP) They are often calculated on a daily basis. Therefore, if these laws govern a … Liquidated damages is calculated from day to day at the rate of 10% per annum of the purchase price as set out in the sale and purchase agreement from the expiry of the prescribed time for the developer to deliver vacant possession to the date the purchaser takes delivery of vacant possession. A CIRCUIT SPLIT HAS EMERGED OVER THE USE OF SECTION 1782 TO OBTAIN DISCOVERY IN AID OF PRIVATE COMMERCIAL ARBITRATIONS SEATED OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES... DON'T BE JUST A LAWYER BE A CITIZEN LAWYER! Liquidated Damages: Present in certain legal contracts, this provision allows for the payment of a specified sum should one of the parties be in breach of contract . IN AN EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW WITH LEGAL ERA MAGAZINE, DEV BAJPAI, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR - LEGAL AND CORPORATE AFFAIRS & COMPANY SECRETARY - HINDUSTAN UNILEVER, EXTOLS THE VIRTUES OF TRANSPARENCY, INTEGRITY, FAIRNESS AND GOOD GOVERNANCE. Liquidated damages clauses are commonly used in real estate contracts. The developer applied to the Kuala Lumpur High Court for judicial review of the Tribunal’s decision. Without much hesitation, you filled up the booking form and paid the booking fee. Liquidated damages are damages that are specified by the parties to a contract as they are drawing up the contract. With a more pragmatic approach along with an endeavor to better India’s ease of doing business position, the Codes aim to achieve much-needed reforms to bring the labor laws of India in tune with the current requirements of employer - employee relationship, compliance standards, rendering the labor law regime a more workable and less cumbersome, Parties may not seek discovery in USA in aid of FOREIGN-SEATED ARBITRATIONS. Parties seeking to enforce a damages or liquidated clause must essentially: (a) prove there was a breach of contract; and (b) the contract contains a damages or liquidated clause which stipulates a sum to be paid in the case of a breach. Liquidated Damages: Present in certain legal contracts, this provision allows for the payment of a specified sum should one of the parties be in breach of contract . Liquidated damages are a common term used by the parties under a contract. Liquidated damages are a common term used by the parties under a contract. While liquidated damages are recognised as valid in most common law jurisdictions, they are invalid in Malaysia by reason of section 75 of the Contracts Act, as construed by the Federal Court in Murugiah which requires the injured party to prove his actual loss. Public Ruling 2/2009 provides that the provision for liquidated damages is not an allowable expense under Section 33 of the Income Tax Act 1967. by Anne Dorall. Restating the position in Malaysia The Federal Court noted that section 75 of the Act had done away with the distinction between liquidated damages and penalties. Liquidated damages are specified daily charges deducted from moneys otherwise payable to the contractor for each day the contractor fails to meet a milestone and/or contract completion date. The second scenario is where the innocent part… (iv) Whether the true loss that would be suffered on occasion of breach is impossible to precisely estimate in advance: this does not automatically make the provision in question a penalty clause and in fact it may be in precisely such a situation that parties might agree on a liquidated damages clause. Offering key practical insights intended to strengthen your organization's capacity to respond, recover and thrive. Concerning the implication of indirect taxes, both in the previous law and also the present GST law, there has always been an issue on the taxability of the liquidated damages, and the … Failure to ... liquidated damages in public project appears to be reasonable as it is less than the amount of losses suffered. The use and enforcement of liquidated damages clauses have changed over the years. Liquidated damages clauses are commonly used in real estate contracts. Attorney Advertising | © 2020 Baker McKenzie, * In cooperation with Trench, Rossi and Watanabe Advogados, Explore our insight by industries, practices and locations, Access our full range of legal alerts and newsletters, Resilience, Recovery & Renewal: A Podcast Series. Courts in different common law jurisdictions have, however, taken very different approaches to liquidated damages clauses and addressing any perceived injustices that arise out of such clauses. PayPal has decided to embrace cryptocurrencies and will soon offer its customers in the United States (U.S.) the ability to buy, hold, sell, and use various virtual currencies. The various methods of measuring liquidated ascertained damages show that there are no certainties in measuring a genuine liquidated ascertained damage. Liquidated damages are liable for GST: The Authority for Advance Ruling (‘AAR’), Maharashtra, in the case of Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Ltd. (2018-VIL-33-AAR) held that liquidated damages are to be viewed as consideration for an act of tolerance of non … The operative paragraph of section 75 of the Malaysian Contracts Act, 1950, is identical to Section 74 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, providing: “When a contract has been broken, if a sum is named in the contract as the amount to be paid in case of such breach, or if the contract contains any other stipulation by way of penalty, the party complaining of the breach is entitled, whether or not actual damage or loss is proved to have been caused thereby, to receive from the party who has broken the contract, reasonable compensation not exceeding the amount so named or, as the case may be, the penalty stipulated for.”. The amount claimable is also … Title: Sample Letter of Demand for Liquidated Damages Created Date: 4/5/2004 9:08:00 AM Other titles: Sample Letter of Demand for Liquidated Damages Liquidated Damages in Asia. The use and enforcement of liquidated damages clauses have changed over the years. still deduct liquidated damages? Liquidated damages is calculated from day to day at the rate of 10% per annum of the purchase price as set out in the sale and purchase agreement from the expiry of the prescribed time for the developer to deliver vacant possession to the date the purchaser takes delivery of vacant possession. (b) Section 75 allows reasonable compensation to be awarded by the court irrespective of whether actual loss or damage is proven: thus, proof of actual loss is not the sole conclusive determinant of reasonable compensation although evidence of that may be a useful starting point (at [65]). One of the most notable decisions on liquidated damages in recent years in the common law world is that of the United Kingdom Supreme Court in Cavendish Square Holding BV v. Talal El Makdessi [2016] AC 1172 (“Cavendish”). Liquidated damages are calculated based on what the owner would lose if the project was not completed on time (final completion) and the owner was prevented from using the project as it was intended. Liquidated and unliquidated damages Owners' land for the sum of $311,484.12.6 The contract was prepared by the builder and was a standard form of contract used by the builder.7 The liquidated damages clause of the contract provided that if the builder failed to complete works within The first scenario is where there is a forfeiture of a deposit paid. In relation to construction contracts, the event is usually failure by the contractor to complete by the completion date specified in the contract. October 15, 2020 Credit: btrsyaaiman/Twitter. There are elements of cost from nine articles ... Perjanjian dalam kontrak pembinaan di Malaysia diantara klien dan kontrakktor telah menetapkan syarat bahawa sesuatu kerja hendaklah disiapkan dalam tempoh However, if the project is substantially completed, meaning the owner can make use of the project beneficially, then they may not be able to assess liquidated damages. On November 21, 2018, the Malaysian Federal Court overturned a well-established decision on the effectiveness and enforceability of liquidated damages clauses in contracts. The contracts, liquidated damages usually relate to the Developer failing to achieve practical completion (meaning completing the works so they can hand over the keys to you) by the completion date set out in the contract. Understand the nature of liquidated damages, penalties and deposits; Aware of the evolution of the law on these issues in Malaysia as well as in the relevant jurisdictions of England and India to gain a better perspective; Know the current law on these issues in Malaysia; Comprehend these issues as pertain to contracts under the housing legislation The company has obtained a New York license allowing it to do so. Understand the nature of liquidated damages, penalties and deposits; Gain better perspective and awareness of the evolution of the law on these issues in Malaysia as well as in the relevant jurisdictions of England and India; Know the current law on these issues in Malaysia; Comprehend these issues pertaining to contracts under housing legislation; This part of a contract specifies that, in the event one party breaches the contract, he must pay a specified amount to the other party for his losses. This means that the party or parties who are injured by such a breach will be compensated for their injury. Courts in different common law jurisdictions have, however, taken very different approaches to liquidated damages clauses and addressing any perceived injustices that arise out … late performance).. An average of the likely costs which may be incurred in dealing with a breach may be used. You visited a show room and found your dream house. The decision in Cavendish was significant as it recast the long-standing authority in Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company Limited v New Garage and Motor Company Limited [1915] 1 AC 79 (“Dunlop”) comprising, amongst other things, the following propositions: (a) The essence of a penalty is a payment of money stipulated as in terrorem of the offending party; the essence of liquidated damages is a genuine covenanted pre-estimate of damage. Liquidated damages, also referred to as "liquidated and ascertained damages" (LADs) are damages whose amount the parties designate during the formation of a contract for the injured party to collect as compensation upon a specific breach (e.g. For buyers, liquidated damage clauses limit their loss if they default. Therefore, the plaintiff needs not prove his losses pursuant to section 75 of the Contracts Act 1950 as usually required in most contractual claims. Importance of Calculating Liquidated Damages It is essential for every owner to learn how to calculate liquidated damages in construction. Another way of looking at liquidated damages, is that it is the price the contractor must pay per day for working beyond the required completion dates. If the amount is not specified, it is considered at large, meaning that a court or other tribunal will determine the appropriate amount to award if and when a breach actually occ… This article examines a recent development in the law on liquidated damages in Malaysia, which is worthwhile comparing to the approach taken in India. The effect of the decision was this. The Supreme Court in Cavendish recognized that the test in Dunlop would remain sufficient for the purposes of a dispute arising from a straightforward damages clause. Liquidated damages, also referred to as "liquidated and ascertained damages" (LADs) are damages whose amount the parties designate during the formation of a contract for the injured party to collect as compensation upon a specific breach (e.g. In Cubic Electronics Sdn Bhd v Mars Telecommunications Sdn Bhd [2019] 2 CLJ 723 (“Cubic Electronics”), the issue was whether the forfeiture of deposits the plaintiff had previously paid, upon the plaintiff’s failure to execute a sale and purchase agreement to purchase certain property from the defendant, was valid or penal in nature. late performance).. An average of the likely costs which may be incurred in dealing with a breach may be used Can a deposit paid under a contract be forfeited without having to prove the damage suffered? Although “maximization of value” is one of the main objectives of IBC, it is equally important to ensure that a company is not liquidated for lack of investors/resolution applicants in view of a force majeure event, Continuous UPSKILLING THE ROAD FROM LLM TO CS, It is never too late to add to your knowledge or skills or learn something totally new… Read on to know…. 02(f)-64-09/2016(W), 21 November 2018) sheds some light on this query, especially given the earlier Malaysian case law about liquidated damages. Liquidated Damages, Penalties and Deposits 31 Mar 2020 (Tuesday) | 2:00 pm to 5:00 pm 2 CPD points Raja Aziz Addruse Auditorium Unit 2-02A, 2nd Floor, Wisma Badan Peguam Malaysia Leboh Pasar Besar 50050 Kuala Lumpur Organised by Bar Council Continuing Professional Development Department Registration Fees In the second category of cases, the claimant could not rely on the liquidated damages clause, but instead had to prove its loss and damages to the court in order for such damages to be assessed in its favor. Liquidated damages Without prejudice to any other measures provided for in this contract, the contractors agree that the Community, with the aim of protecting its financial interests, is entitled to claim liquidated damages from a contractor who is found to have overstated expenditure and who has consequently received an unjustified financial contribution from the Community. In almost every case, liquidated damages will be specified for a precise type of breach of contract. As Malaysia Airlines Risks Being Liquidated, Malaysians Fondly Remember The National Carrier Firefly might be the next national carrier. Brief Facts. In so holding, the Federal Court overruled a number of earlier decisions that had effectively held that proof of actual loss is necessary to conclusively prove whether compensation is reasonable. The Federal Court’s decision can be summarized in the following propositions: (a) There is no necessity for proof of actual loss or damage in every case where the innocent party seeks to enforce a damages clause (see [65]). Bhd (in liquidation) v Mars Telecommunications Sdn. 7. Contracts generally include a clause making provision for the contractor to pay liquidated damages (LD, sometimes referred to as liquidated and ascertained damages - LADs) to the client in the event that the contract is breached. In Malaysian construction industry, one of the conditions in the contract made between the employer and contractor is to complete a project within a specified time. Before this decision, the previous position had left many questioning the effectiveness of incorporating a liquidated damages clauses in their contracts. Liquidated Damages Monetary compensation for a loss, detriment, or injury to a person or a person's rights or property, awarded by a court judgment or by a contract stipulation regarding breach of contract. (c) In determining whether a provision imposes liquidated damages or a penalty, a court may consider: (i) Whether the sum stipulated is extravagant and unconscionable in amount in comparison with the greatest loss that could conceivably be proved to have followed from the breach; (ii) Whether, if the breach of contract was a failure to pay a sum of money, the sum stipulated is greater than the sum that ought to have been paid; (iii) Whether the same sum is payable on the occurrence of one or more or all of several events, which vary in the gravity of the damage caused: if so, there is a presumption that a sum is a penalty; and. The legal principles in contract law dealing with liquidated and ascertained damages (‘LAD’) have received a great deal of attention after the stunning restatement by the Federal Court in Cubic Electronics Sdn Bhd (In Liquidation) v Mars Telecommunication Sdn Bhd (‘Cubic Electronics’) in 2018 when the apex court of Malaysia reinstated the importance and viability of LAD clauses. The forfeiture was stated, in the relevant clause, to be “agreed liquidated damages and not by way of penalty”. The contrasting approaches are significant in light of the similarities in the Contract Acts of the respective countries. Another way of looking at liquidated damages, is that it is the price the contractor must pay per day for working beyond the required completion dates. The Federal Court decision in the case of Selva Kumar Murugiah v Thiagarajah Retnasamy[1] ("Selva Kumar") on the scope of Section 75 of the Contracts Act 1950 ("S.75 CA")[2] had created much unrest in various industries, especially the construction industry in Malaysia. In Malaysia, by virtue of s.75 CA 1950, the distinction between liquidated damages (“LAD”) and penalties are abolished, and the innocent party claiming damages must prove its … Getting a patent granted is not an end in itself but most patentees do not realize that, PROCEEDINGS AGAINST PERSONAL GUARANTORS IN NCLT CURRENT SITUATION, Presently, the simultaneous commencement of insolvency proceedings by the lender against the corporate debtor and the corporate guarantor(s) faces a roadblock on account of the NCLAT order in the matter of Dr. Vishnu Kumar Agarwal v. Piramal Enterprises Limited (“Piramal matter”), India Joins Family Courts Around the World to Fight Child Emotional Abuse, SC REFUSES TO ADMIT PETITION FILED BY CCI IN THE CASE OF AMAZON AND FLIPKART; DIRECTS KARNATAKA HC TO DECIDE THE PLEA WITHIN 6 WEEKS. Liquidated damages are a commonplace feature of the contractual landscape in many jurisdictions. On Liquidated Agreed Damages (with added points under Macvilla Sdn Bhd v Mervyn Peter Guan Yin Hui and Golden Approach v Lau Seng Leong) The current law on the assessment of damages in the absence of a LAD clause is that the claiming party must fulfil the Hadley v Baxendale rule which was included into the law of our country under Section 74 Contracts Act. The laws of Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia and states of Australia are all based closely on English common law. If the court determines the damages are actually a penalty, the provision will be voided, and the injured party will only be able to pursue actual damages caused by the contract being breached. Lord Neuberger and Lord Sumption (with whom Lord Carnwath agreed) stated in Cavendish at [14]: “[…] where a contract contains an obligation on one party to perform an act, and also provides that, if he does not perform it, he will pay the other party a specified sum of money, the obligation to pay the specified sum is a secondary obligation which is capable of being a penalty; but if the contract does not impose (expressly or impliedly) an obligation to perform the act, but simply provides that, if one party does not perform, he will pay the other party a specified sum, the obligation to pay the specified sum is a conditional primary obligation and cannot be a penalty.”. In Macvilla, the Court of Appeal now sets out the method of interpreting section 75 of the Contracts Act 1950 in applying the liquidated ascertained damages clause. When liquidated damages aren't proportionate to the real or anticipated loss, the courts can decide they are a penalty. Generally, both parties will need to agree to the amount of liquidated damages for them to be included in a contract. Liquidated damages and Penalties are very common legal terms that, often, make confusion to legal practitioners under the ambit of the Civil … There, the Supreme Court articulated the overarching test as to the validity of a liquidated damages provision as follows (at [32]): “The true test is whether the impugned provision is a secondary obligation which imposes a detriment on the contract-breaker out of all proportion to any legitimate interest of the innocent party in the enforcement of the primary obligation.”. The general position in Malaysia under Section 75 of the Contracts Act 1950 (Section 75) has always been that where there is a breach of contract, an innocent party cannot recover simpliciter the sum fixed in a damages clause regardless of whether it is stipulated as a penalty or liquidated damages. Deposits Liquidated damages are specified daily charges deducted from moneys otherwise payable to the contractor for each day the contractor fails to meet a milestone and/or contract completion date. In the case of Cubic Electronics Sdn Bhd (in liquidation) v Mars Telecommunications Sdn Bhd (2019), the Federal Court had simplified the process for an employer to impose liquidated damages on main contractors. I next distill what appears to be the applicable principles in two scenarios. CORPORATE INSOLVENCY RESOLUTION PROCESS POST COVID-19 CASE FOR A CARVE-OUT IN IBC FOR RESOLUTION APPLICANTS ON ACCOUNT OF FORCE MAJEURE EVENT? (b) The question whether a sum stipulated is penalty or liquidated damages is a question of construction to be decided upon the terms and inherent circumstances of each particular contract, judged as at the time of the making of the contract, not as at the time of the breach. Or the promise of performance have a liquidated damages for delay questioning effectiveness... Liquidated damage clauses limit their loss if they default use and enforcement of liquidated damages.! A fact, i.e states of Australia are all based closely on English common law need to to. By the contractor to complete by the parties to a contract to compensate for a in! Essential for every owner to learn how to calculate liquidated damages is a forfeiture of a.. Of performance have a liquidated damages clauses in their contracts insights intended strengthen... Paypal to ALLOW CRYPTOCURRENCIES AFTER OBTAINING a NEW YORK LICENSE allowing it to do so a feature. 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A forfeiture of a condominium provides that the provision for liquidated damages in public project appears to be included a! Developer applied to the Kuala Lumpur High Court for judicial review application and purchaser! Keeps delaying the delivery of vacant possession even beyond the delivery date stipulated in relevant. Buyer defaults liquidated damages malaysia LAD would only arise when payment becomes a fact,.! Less than the amount of liquidated damages are a common term used by the parties to a.. Use cookies to improve your experience on our website in real estate contracts over the years allowable expense Section... To construction contracts, the Court or Tribunal could award an amount which it reasonable... Without much hesitation, you filled up the booking fee are no certainties in measuring a genuine liquidated ascertained.. Comes to construction contracts - Designing Buildings Wiki - Share your construction industry knowledge delivery of possession... 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