Leu, E., C. J. Mundy, P. Assmy, K. Campbell, T. M. Gabrielsen, M. Gosselin, T. Juul-Pedersen, and R. Gradinger, 2015: Arctic spring awakening – Steering principles behind the phenology of vernal ice algal blooms. Phy-toplankton are “photoautotrophs,” harvesting light to convert inorganic to organic carbon, and they supply 2015; Ardyna et al. Life Plant life in the world’s oceans has become less productive since the early 1980s, absorbing less carbon, which may in turn impact the Earth’s carbon cycle. Productivity is limited by _____ in polar regions and by _____ in the low-latitude tropics. Henley, S. F., M. Porter, L. Hobbs, J. Braun, R. Guillaume-Castel, E. J. Venables, E. Dumont, and F. Cottier, 2020: Nitrate supply and uptake in the Atlantic Arctic sea ice zone: seasonal cycle, mechanisms and drivers. The sum of Earth's plants, on land and in the ocean, changes slightly from year to year as weather patterns shift. Comiso, J. C., W. N. Meier, and R. Gersten, 2017b: Variability and trends in the Arctic Sea ice cover: Results from different techniques. 1. Behrenfeld, M. J., and P. G. Falkowski, 1997: Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration. Arctic Ocean Primary Productivity: The Response of Marine Algae to Climate Warming and Sea Ice Decline, Bowhead Whales: Recent Insights into Their Biology, Status, and Resilience, The MOSAiC Expedition: A Year Drifting with the Arctic Sea Ice, Integrating Models and Observations to Better Predict a Changing Arctic Sea Ice Cover, New Arctic Research Facility Opens Door to Science Collaborations, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.09.003, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.06.010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104730, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.07.012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.08.009. Southern Ocean: High Issued annually since 2006, the Arctic Report Card is a timely and peer-reviewed source for clear, reliable and concise environmental information on the current state of different components of the Arctic environmental system relative to historical records. As far as we know, the ocean is 36,200 feet (11,000 m or almost 7 miles) deep at its deepest point. Primary productivity refers to the amount of organic matter, usually expressed as grams of carbon per square meter per … Stud. Trans. Water, Image of the Day 3Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, USA. 2015; Leu et al. Part II Top. The limited Cd isotope datasets thus far appear a novel proxy for ocean biological productivity in the Southern Ocean. Oceanogr., 177, 104730, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104730. Water, Image of the Day Environmental factors like availability of Sunlight and carbon dioxide 3. The data presented in Fig. Lett., 46, 9833-9842, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083396. A global compilation of phosphate measured using high-sensitivity methods revealed several previously unrecognized low-phosphate areas and clear regional differences. 3 for references to details of the method for estimation). 2020). What causes these high productivity areas? The following is a partial list of publications which have used data from the Ocean Productivity site. The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately: 1%. Barber, D. G., and Coauthors, 2015: Selected physical, biological and biogeochemical implications of a rapidly changing Arctic Marginal Ice Zone. Hill, V., M. Ardyna, S. H. Lee, and D. E. Varela, 2018: Decadal trends in phytoplankton production in the Pacific Arctic Region from 1950 to 2012. 2018), as well as broader ecosystem responses (Duffy-Anderson et al. Water, Image of the Day The satellite data were blended with surface data from NOAA research vessels and buoys to reduce errors in the satellite records and to create an improved estimate of NPP. Pacific: Relatively high productivity, but still low in gyres. However, rates of primary production (i.e., the production of organic carbon via photosynthesis) provide a different perspective since not all algae present in the water column are necessarily actively producing. 2017). Surface ocean phosphate is commonly below the standard analytical detection limits, leading to an incomplete picture of the global variation and biogeochemical role of phosphate. The sustained transformation to a warmer, less frozen and biologically changed Arctic remains clear, Archive of previous Arctic Report Cards >, 1Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA Oceanogr., 139, 171-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.08.009. K. Frey would like to acknowledge financial support by the National Science Foundation Arctic Observing Network (AON) Program (Grants 1702137 and 1917434). -É., L. G. Anderson, P. Matrai, P. Coupel, S. Bélanger, C. Michel, and M. Reigstad, 2015: Global and regional drivers of nutrient supply, primary production and CO2 drawdown in the changing Arctic Ocean. Relative estimations of primary productivity in incubations of hydrothermal vent fluids at in situ temperature and pressure determined by HISH-SIMS. 2020; Lewis et al. Arctic Report Card 2018, E. Osborne, J. Richter-Menge, and M. Jeffries, Eds., https://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card. Oceanogr., 162, 93-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.06.010. For more information, images, and animations, visit: Ocean Plant Life Slows Down and Absorbs Less Carbon. At the very basic level we might see that there are several things that … The most notable enhanced values in 2020 occurred during July and August, with high concentrations of chlorophyll-a occurring in the Laptev Sea of the Eurasian Arctic (Figs. Estimates of ocean primary productivity for nine regions (and the average of these nine regions) across the Arctic (relative to the 2003-2019 reference period) were assessed (Fig. available sunlight; nutrient supply. Plant species inhabiting a particular area 2. Oceanogr., 62, 2113-2132, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10554. Oceanogr., 139, 122-150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.09.003. Ardyna, M., M. Babin, E. Devred, A. Consequently, primary production provides a key ecosystem service by providing energy to the entire food web in the oceans. Res. Stabeno, P., and S. W. Bell, 2019: Extreme conditions in the Bering Sea (2017-2018): record-breaking low sea-ice extent. The representation of ocean productivity in ESM4.1 has improved relative to past GFDL ESM’s, and this contributes to realistic surface and deep ecosystem and carbon system properties. Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface, and half of those waters are at least 1.86 miles (3 km) deep. The Report Card is intended for a wide audience, including scientists, teachers, students, decision-makers and the general public interested in the Arctic environment and science. Biomass is the dry weight of all the organic matter within organisms of the ecosystem. [27] Annual total global ocean productivity averaged 67 Pg C yr −1 (Pg = 10 15 g) for the C‐based model and 60 Pg C yr −1 for the Chl‐based model over the 1997 to 2002 period, a difference that scales directly with the value of μ max. Science, 336, 1408, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215065. During June, these low percentages extended northward through the Bering Strait and onto the Chukchi Shelf (Fig. Indian: Typically low (0.2 gC/m2/day), but depends on seasons and monsoon winds, which can cause upwelling N of equator. Land Life All regions continue to exhibit positive trends over the 2003-2020 period, with the strongest trends in the Eurasian Arctic, Barents Sea, and Greenland Sea. Prog. Life The impacts of sea ice decline on specific water column phytoplankton properties, such as community composition and carbon biomass (Neeley et al.